Q 1 – Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of ‘Nationalism’?
(a) French Revolution
(b) Russian Revolution
(c) Glorious Revolution
(d) The Revolution of the liberals
(a) French Revolution
Q 2 – Which one of the following was NOT the result of the Treaty of Vienna 1815 ?
(a) The Kingdom of the Netherlands was setup in the North.
(b) Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
(c) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers.
(d) Russia was given German confederation of 39 states.
(d) Russia was given German confederation of 39 states.
Q 3 – Why were the ‘Bibliotheque Bleue’ popular in France ? Choose the correct option from the following :
(a) They were cheap and small books.
(b) They were promoted by the State.
(c) They were voluminous and colourful.
(d) They were printed on good quality of paper.
(c) They were voluminous and colourful.
Q 4 – “Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred.” Which one of the following option support this statement ?
(a) Print popularized the ideas of the enlightened thinkers.
(b) Provided a critical commentary on modernity and despotism.
(c) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate of clergies.
(d) Print culture spread the views of Nobility only.
(a) Print popularized the ideas of the enlightened thinkers.
Q 5 – Why was reading of manuscript not easy in India? Choose the appropriate reason from the following options :
(a) Manuscripts were highly cheap
(b) Manuscripts were widely spread out
(c) Manuscripts were written in English and Hindi
(d) Manuscripts were fragile
(d) Manuscripts were fragile
Q 6 – Which two languages among the following are prominently spoken by Belgium Nationals ?
(a) French and English
(b) Dutch and French
(c) Russian and Dutch
(d) Russian and French
(c) Russian and Dutch
Q 7 – Why was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 troublesome for plantation workers?
The Inland Emigration Act of 1859 was troublesome for plantation workers because plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without
official permission. In fact people were rarely got such permissions. Peoples were not allowed to go to their homes.
Q 8 – Why was the Vernacular Press Act passed in 1878?
Vernacular press act was passed in 1878 because indians were constantly publishing about the wrongs done by the british and the british when found something fishy about the newspapers, passed the vernacular press act so that indians could no more publish about the wrongs done by the british.
Q 9 – Why was ‘Gulamgiri’ book written by Jyotiba Phule in 1871?
The famous book “Ghulamgiri” was written by__: – GKToday. Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (Mahatma) was born in Pune,was a great social reformer. He dedicated his book Gulamgiri to the American movement to free slaves, he linked the conditions of the black slaves in America with those of the lower castes in India.
Q 10 – Why did Gandhiji support the ‘Khilafat’ issue ? Write main reason.
Mahatma Gandhi supported the Khilafat movement as an opportunity to unite the Hindu and Muslims and revolt against the British empire. Khilafat movement was a movement led by the Muslims to extend their support to Caliphs after the Ottoman Empire fell.
Q 11 – Why did Indian merchants and industrialists support the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain.
Industrialists related to Civil-Disobedience Movement:i Indian industrialists had made huge profits during the First World War.ii They became powerful. They wanted to expand their business they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods.iii They formed the Indian Industries and Commercial Congress in1920.iv They formed Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in1927.v Purshotamdas Thakurdas and G.D Birla attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.vi They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
Q 12 – Explain the main reason for the alienation of Tamils in Sri Lanka.
A series of majoritarian measures were adopted by the democratically elected government in Sri Lanka, after its independence in 1948. It adopted Majoritarianism to establish Sinhala supremacy.
(i) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.
(ii) The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.
(iii) A new Constitution advocated that the state shall protect and promote Buddhism. All these ’ measures taken by the government gradually increased the feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils.
Q 13 – Which country printed the Buddhist Diamond Sutra in 868 A.D. ?
Northern China printed the Buddhist Diamond Sutra in 868 A.D.
- Diamond Sutra was the oldest dated printed book.
- Sutra means religious teaching. This is a Sanskrit word.
- In Buddhism, sutras are very important. Diamond Sutra was printed 100 of years before in China.
- Diamond Sutra was one of the influential Mahayana Scriptures of East Asia.
- It was found in a place called Mogao caves.
Q 14 – Why has India adopted a multi-party system? Explain.
India adopted multi-party system because
- It strengthens democracy.
- India is geographically a very large country
- India is socially a very diverse country
- India is culturally and religiously a diverse country.
All these diversities can be accommodated if there is a multi-party system and just 1 party or 2 party system will not help in more representation and participation of people in democratic processes.
Q 15 – Fill in the blanks:
a) Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into ______ around A.D. 768-770.
b) By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system of printing. The first book he printed was the _______
c) The printing press first came to Goa with _______ missionaries.
d) Catholic priests printed the first _______ book in 1579 at Cochin.
a) Japan
b) Bible
c) Portuguese missionaries
d) first Tamil book
Q 16 – Mention the views of Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha.
For Gandhiji, Satyagraha was not just a means of non-violent struggle but it became the philosophy of his life. By giving the concept of Satyagraha, Gandhiji showed mankind to win over greed and fear by love. In this principle of non-violence, Mahatma Gandhi introduced the technique of resistance to evil and untruth.
Q 17 – “It was essential to preserve folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.” Support the statement in reference to India.
Indeed, I would agree that conserving folk traditions and customs may be able to recognize theirs owns own culture for the future generation.
Explanation:
Folk culture is formed by a small set of rural people or isolated village societies.
Folk traditions include unique songs created by the folk people, dances, and usage of instruments. They have their style in every aspect of festivals, art and culture. On many platforms like TV and radio, folk culture is encouraged to enhance the culture.
Q 18 – “Mahatma Gandhi found, in ‘salt’, a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.” Support the statement with three arguments.
. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.
Q 19 – State any one step taken in Belgium to rule out the problem of regional differences and cultural diversities.
Amendment in the constitution regarding the equal number of ministers who speak French and who speak Dutch in the central govt.
Explanation:
Belgium faced a severe dispute during the early 19th century due to the regional and cultural differences among the French and Dutch citizens. In order to resolve this issue, Belgium constitution underwent certain amendments:
1). The central government is not superior to the state government neither the state is inferior to the center.
2). The equal number of ministers in the central govt. from the French and Dutch communities.
3). A distinct government called ‘community government’ was formed to make important decisions regarding these cultural, regional, or linguistic differences.
3). The capital Brussels would have a separate govt. without any interference and having equal representation from the Dutch and French communities.
Q 20 – Why did Mahatma Gandhiji travel to Champaran in Bihar in 1917? Explain.
Mahatma Gandhi travel to Champaran in Bihar in 1917 because:
- Mahatama Gandhi visited Champaran in 1917 and spent a lot of time there for the farmer’s security.
- British indigo planters treat Indian Champaran farmers brutally and forces them to cultivate the crop of Britishers interest i.e indigo.
- Indigo plantations started in Bengal in 1977 and it has a great demand in entire Europe and other countries as well. so, indigo was the major source of the Britisher’s income.
- The movement is also known as the indigo movement and is held in Champaran Bihar.
- The satyagraha was because of British planter’s cruelty in paying farmers the law amount for expensive indigo crops.
- Farmers are not allowed to grow any other crop in the vicinity.
The movement leads to the farmer’s return of their rights and also helped their upraising.
Q 21 – Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non- Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain.
Gandhiji decided to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922 because of the following reasons :
- In 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful mob turned violent and clashed with the police resulting in the deaths of several policemen.
- Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent and satyagrahis needed proper training before they were ready for a mass struggle.
Q 22 – Explain the role of Otto Von Bismarck in the Unification of Germany.
In the 1860s, Otto von Bismarck, then Minister President of Prussia, provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, aligning the smaller German states behind Prussia in its defeat of France. In 1871 he unified Germany into a nation-state, forming the German Empire.
Q 23 – Explain the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in the Unification of Italy.
1. He was was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa, 1807 who became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari
2. he was sent to prison for revolting against the monarchs at the age of 24
3. he then formed secret society i. e. young Italy and young Europe in Marseilles and Berne respectively
4. He also helped Bismarck during the war for unification of Italy ( he had sought to put together coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic)
5. He believed that good had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy couldn’t continue to be the patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
6. even Duke Metternich of Austria even stated that he was the most dangerous enemy of their social order i. e. monarchical rule
Q 24 – Read the following case carefully and answer the questions that follows:
As you have seen, modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation-states. It also meant a change in people’s understanding of who they were, and what defined their identity and sense of belonging. New symbols and icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined the boundaries of communities. In most countries the making of this new national identity was a long process. How did this consciousness emerge in India?
In India, as in Vietnam and many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together. But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement. But the unity did not emerge without conflict.
- What was people’s understanding of nation?
- How was the growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement?
- How did people in India develop a sense of collective belonging? Explain.
- Peoples’ understanding of a nation meant understanding of who they were and what defined their identity and sense of belonging. Through new symbols and icons, new songs and ideas that forged new links and redefined the boundaries of communities.
- In India and as in many countries, people began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
- In India, the growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together
Q 25 – Read the case given below carefully and answer the questions that follow :
The Sense of Collective Belonging
This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.
The identity of the nation, as you know (see Chapter 1), is most often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.
Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata (see Fig.). In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different artists (see Fig.). Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
1 How did the nation become a reality in the minds of people ?
2 How did nationalism capture the people’s imagination?
3 How did people belonging to different groups develop a sense of collective belonging ?
Q 26 – Read the following case carefully and answer the questions that follows:
Mahatma Gandhi thoughts on Satyagraha
‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active …
‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction … In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever. ‘ Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love. … Nonviolence is the supreme dharma … ‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms.
They have made the religion of non-violence their own …’
1 What type of movement Gandhiji organized in South Africa ?
2 Why is satyagraha considered as pure soul-force?
3 How has Gandhiji described passive resistance?
Q 27 – How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism? Explain.
Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.
Q 28 – How did Greek war of independence mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe? Explain.
The Greek War of Independence mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848. NOTE – Various regions of Europe saw the rise of feelings of liberalism and nationalism against rigid and autocratic forces. In Greece, the struggle was against the Ottoman Empire (Muslim rulers).
Q 29 – How was the Simon Commission greeted in India in 1928? Explain.
The Simon Commission was sent to India for investigation of further constitutional reforms but it was made of seven British members and no Indian member.In the Madras session in 1927 the National Congress decided to boycott the commission at every stage and in every form.The Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha supported this decision.On February 3,the day the Commission reached Bombay an All India Hartal was organised.Wherever the Commission went it was greeted with black flag demonstrations under the slogan ‘Simon Go Back’.The government used brutal suppression and police attacks to break the popular opposition.
Q 30 – Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
Source : The Movement in the Towns
The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power–something that usually only Brahmans had access to.
The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones,
production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
1 Explain the role of ‘Justice Party’ in boycotting of council elections.
2 How was the effects of ‘non-cooperation on the economic front’ dramatic?
3 Explain the effect of ‘Boycott’ movement on ‘foreign textile trade.’
Q 31 – Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows :
Why Non-cooperation ?
In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.
How could non-cooperation become a movement ? Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilizing popular support for the movement.
1 What was the weapon of Gandhiji to fight against British Empire in India ?
2 How did the British survive in India ?
3 Explain Gandhiji’s idea for making non-cooperation as movement.
Q 32 – Two features A and B are marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked near
them.
(A) The place where Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.
(B) The place where Gandhiji organized ‘Satyagraha’ in favour of cotton mill workers.