Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 1. Which movement of Andhra Pradesh joined Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement?
Ans. The Tribal peasant movement of Andhra Pradesh (a Militant Guerrilla Movement) joined Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement.
Q 2. What was Mahatma Gandhi’s reaction towards Rowlatt act?
Ans. Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act.
Q 3. State one demand of peasants in Awadh.
Ans. (1) Reduction of revenue and Abolition of beggar.
Q 4. State the reason for the Satyagraha started by Gandhi at Champaran in Bihar.
Ans. Gandhi started Satyagraha at Champaran against the oppressive plantation system.
Q 5. The image of Bharat Mata was created by which Indian patriot ?
Ans. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
Q 6. How had plantation workers of Assam reacted to Non-Cooperation Movement call?
Ans. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed towards their home. However, they never reached their homes.
Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 7. State one impact of reduction of imports during Non-Cooperation Movement.
Ans. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922. Its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
Q 8. What did British do to repress the Rowlatt Satyagrahis?
Ans. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
Q 9. State any one feature of ‘Inland Emigration Act’ of 1859.
Ans. Plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.
Q 10. Why did Mahatma Gandhi want to join Khilafat issue?
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi want to join Khilafat issue because he saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement that was Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement.
Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 11. What was main incident related to Chauri-Chaura Movement?
Ans. At Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, in Uttar Pradesh, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned violent and killed twenty policemen.
Q 12. Highlight the demand of the Congress Party at the Lahore Session in 1929.
Ans. ‘Poorna Swaraj’ or Complete independence.
Q 13. What decision was made in Congress Session at Nagpur in December 1920?
Ans. Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.
Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 14. Who started the Khilafat Movement?
Ans. Muslim leaders Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
Q 15. What was the prime factor in the emergence of modern nationalism in India.
Ans. Anti-Colonial Movement was the prime factor in the emergence of modern nationalism in India.
Q 16. What resolution was passed at Calcutta Session of Congress, in September 1920?
Ans. To launch Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 17. State one feature of Rowlatt Act of 1919.
Ans. The Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years .
Q 18. Who formed Swaraj Party ?
Ans. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
Q 19. What does `Idea of Satyagraha’ mean?
Ans. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
Q 20. Which name was given by Gandhi to the dalit or the oppressed?
Ans. Harijan
Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 21. Which was the most important demand that Gandhi put forth in his letter to Viceroy Irwin?
Ans. Abolishing salt tax
Q 22. Describe the Kheda Movement?
Ans. Peasants wanted relaxation in revenue payment.
Q 23. Describe the Champaran Movement.
Ans. Champaran Movement was against the oppressive policies of Britishers against the peasants.
Q 24. Which movement was called off before 5th March 1931 by Gandhi?
Ans. Civil Disobedience Movement
Q 25. Who wrote the book ‘Hind Swaraj’?
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi
Q 26. In which year was the Civil-Disobedience Movement called off ?
Ans. 1931
Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 27. Where did Mahatma Gandhi first try the weapon of Satyagraha?
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi first tried the weapon of Satyagraha in South Africa.
Q 28. Name the flag which was designed by Gandhi ji in 1921.
Ans. Swaraj Flag
Q 29. What were the colors of the tri-color flag designed during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal ?
Ans. Red, green and yellow
Q 30. Who was the author of the famous novel ‘Anandmath’ ?
Ans. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 31. How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in India ? Explain with examples.
Ans. Through a variety of cultural processes people belonging to different communities, regions or languages developed a sense of collective belonging. Some of them are as follows :
(1) Images : Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. Bharat Mata was portrayed as an ascetic figure. She is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. Devotion to this Mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
(2) Songs : In 1870s, Bankim Chandra wrote Vande Mataram as a hymn to motherland. Later, it was included in his novel `Anandmath’. This song was widely sung during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.
(3) Folklore : The historians recorded folktales and folksongs representing the true picture of Traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by the outside forces. In order to restore a sense of pride, their preservation was essential.
(4) Flags: During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag (red, green, yellow) was designed.
By 1921, Gandhi designed the Swaraj Flag. Carrying the flag, holding aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.
(5) Reinterpretation of history: The Indian historians wrote about the glorious development in ancient time when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, laws and philosophy, craft and trade had flourished. And now, all these declined due to the policies of the colonial government.
Q 32. Describe the different events of National Satyagraha started by Gandhi against the Rowlatt Act.
Ans. (1) Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April, 1919.
(2) Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railways, workshops, and shops were closed down.
(3) A peaceful protest meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
(4) Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
(5) Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.
Q 33. Explain the impact of Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people.
Ans. (1) As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowd took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
(2) There were strikes, clashes with the police.
(3) Attacks on government buildings were reported.
(4) The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people.
(5) Since Dyer later himself declared that his object was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
(6) This gruesome tragedy earned wide-spread hatred among masses toward Britishers.
(7) It disseminated the discontentment and gave rise to country-wide movement.
Q 34. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in the cities? Give three reasons.
Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in the cities due to following reasons :
(1) Khaki cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
(2) For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of British ones.
(3) These were slow to come up. So, students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back their work in government courts.
Q 35. Explain the Khilafat Movement. Why did Gandhi consider it important to support the Khilafat Movement?
Ans. (1) The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
(2) There were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor —the spiritual head of the Islamic world the Khalifa.
(3) To defend the temporal powers of Khalifa, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.
(4) After the Rowlatt Act, Mahatma Gandhi felt the need to launch a wide-spread movement in India.
(5) Bring the Hindus and Muslims closer, he felt to take the Khilafat issue.
(6) Muslim leaders Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Gandhiji the possibilities of a united mass action on the issue.
(7) Later at Nagpur Session in September 1920, Gandhi convinced the leaders in Congress, to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat.
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Q 36. Describe the militant guerrilla movement of Andhra Pradesh.
Ans. (1) The militant guerrilla movement was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju, the follower of Mahatma Gandhi.
(2) The colonial government had closed large forest areas to prevent people from entering the forest to graze their cattle, to collect firewood and fruits. This enraged the hill people as it affected their livelihood and traditional rights.
(3) The government began forcing them to contribute for road building, the hill People revolted.
(4) The rebels proclaimed Raju as an incarnation of God as he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people.
(5) The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.
Q 37. Explain the major facts about the new economic situation created in India by the First World War.
Ans. The First World War led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes.
(1) Custom Duties were raised and Income Tax was introduced.
(2) Through the war years price increased to double, leading to extreme hardship for the common people.
(3) Crop failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.
(4) In the background of the First World War, the government took various coercive measures that set the stage for widespread agitations against the government in return.
(5) People’s hopes for the end of hardships after the war were razed.
(6) At this, new leadership emerged with a new mode of struggle.
(7) From the above development there spread the hatred and great discontent among masses.
(8) This paved the way for the rise of nationalism in India.
Q 38. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside?
Ans. (1) Non-Cooperation Movement drew into its fold the struggles of peasants and tribals.
(2) In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, (an indentured labor from Fiji) against the talukdars and landlords churning high rent from peasants.
(3) The peasants rose their voices against beggar and work without any payment.
(4) In 1920, Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra.
(5) At Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh a parallel guerrilla movement was started by Alluri Sitaram Raju.
(6) It was against the punitive measures adopted by the Bruisers to prevent the forest tribals to enter the forest enclosures.
Q 39. What did Gandhi mean when he said Satyagraha is an active resistance ?
Ans. (1) According to Gandhi the idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
(2) To him (Gandhi) it is a novel method of mass agitation, which he called Satyagraha.
(3) His thought that without being aggressive, a Satyagrahi could win the battle through non–violence.
(4) This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
(5) Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
Q 40. According to Gandhi, what should be the various stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Ans. (1) It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded.
(2) It should be followed by a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
(3) The extensive countrywide tours were made by Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali to mobilize the popular support for the movement.
(4) There were speculations that the boycott of council election scheduled for 1920 might lead to popular violence.
(5) Amist state of confusion at Nagpur in the Congress Session, in 1920 Non-Cooperation programmed was adopted.
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Q 41. How did Gandhi convert the national movement into a mass movement?
Ans. Gandhi personality and lifestyle had a great impact on the minds of the people that helped to convert the national movement into a mass movement.
(1) His simple and saintly life and his style of convincing the masses made him popular.
(2) His undisputed leadership and magnetic personality played great roles.
(3) His policy of non-violent Satyagraha was appreciated.
(4) Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements had mass effects.
(5) The vision of Gandhiji of social reforms like, fighting against untouchability were highly appealing.
(6) His commitment to Hindu-Muslim unity gave force and shape to the national movement.
Q 42. Describe the contribution of Baba Ramchandra.
Ans. Peasants of Awadh were led by Baba Ram Chandra, a Sanyasi. The movement was against talukdars and landlords.
(1) The talukdars and landlords demanded exorbitantly high rents and other cesses.
(2) Tenants, the farmers had no security of tenure. They had to do beggar and work at landlords farms without any payment.
(3) The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
(4) In many places, Nai-Dhobi bands were organized by Panchayats to deprive land-lords of the services of barbers and washer man.
(5) Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ram Chandra and few others.
(6) Within a month, over 300 branches were set up in villages.
(7) In 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.
Q 43. Describe the Jallianwala Bag incident of 1919.
Ans. (1) On 13th April, 1919, a crowd of villagers had gathered at Jallianwala Bag. They had come to Amritsar to attend an annual fair.
(2) They were unaware of the Martial Law imposed in Amritsar.
(3) General Dyer entered the area and blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed.
(4) As the news spread out, there were strikes, clashes with the police.
(5) The government responded with brutal repression by humiliating the people in many ways.This resulted in the beginning of Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhi.
Q 44. Describe Gandhi contribution to the Indian Freedom Struggle.
Ans. (1) Mahatma Gandhi dominates the Indian polity since his arrival on 9th Jan, 1915 in India.
(2) In 1916, he campaigned against the system of ‘indentured’ laborers.
(3) Under the doctrine of Satyagraha and Non-violence, he innovated the novel mode of movement against unjust rule.
(4) He channelized the people’s grievances into organized movements for independence.
(5) He was apostle of peace and universal brotherhood.
(6) He was the arch believer of equality and equal opportunity for all in the sphere of socio political and economic domains.
Q 45. Who organized the Depressed Classes Association and what were the aims of this association?
Ans. (1) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organized the Depressed Classes Association.
(2) The main aims of this association were:
(i) Reserved seats in educational institutions.
(ii) Separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
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Q 46. Explain the effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front.
Ans. The effects of Non-Cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic:-
(1) Foreign goods were boycotted.
(2) Liquor shops were picketed.
(3) Foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfires.
(4) The import of foreign goods and cloth was reduced to 50% between 1921-22.
(5) The value of foreign goods import reduced from 102 crore to 57 crore.
(6) Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trades. (7) Production of Indian textile mills and handloom and Khaki went up.
Q 47. Why and how did Mahatma Gandhi use Satyagraha to fight against injustice and denial of rights? Explain with the help of examples.
Ans. (1) Mahatma Gandhi successfully fought the racist regime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called Satyagraha.
(2) The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
(3) It suggested that if the cause was true and against injustice then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
(4) He travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
(5) Then in 1917, he organized a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay revenue and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed.
Q 48. Critically examine any three efforts made by Mahatma Gandhi to get Harijans their right.
Ans. (1) Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called `untouchables’ harijan, or the children of God.
(2) He organized Satyagraha to secure their entry into temples, and access to public wells, mess, roads and schools.
(3) He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the Bhangi and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up the sin of `untouchability’.
Q 49. ”Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement.” Examine the statement.
Ans. (1) Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement because many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the dalit community.
(2) They began organizing themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions and separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils. They believed political empowerment, would resolve the problems of their social disabilities.
Q 50. What steps were taken by Colonial Government to suppress the growing nationalism in India? Explain.
Ans. Steps taken by Colonial Government to suppress the growing nationalism in India were as follows :
(1) In 1919, Imperial Legislative Council passed Rowlatt Act. It gave enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trail for two years.
(2) When it was opposed by the Indian nationalists, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists.
(3) Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
(4) On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.
(5) Martial Law was imposed and General Dyer took command.
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Q 51. Why did Mahatma Gandhi send eleven demands in his letter to Lord Irwin?
Ans. On 31st January 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin in which he mentioned two types of demands:
(1) One was of general interest and the others were specific demands of different classes from industrialists to peasants.
(2) The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.
(3) The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the Salt Tax.
(4) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food.
(5) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, as Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of the British rule.
Q 52. What was Satyagraha? Explain the three main Satyagrahas launched by Gandhi in India.
Ans. (1) The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, the fight was against injustice then physical force was not necessary to fight against the oppressor.
(2) Following are the three main regional level Satyagrahas launched by Gandhi in India :
(i) 1916 — Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle, against the oppressive plantation system and organized the Champaran Satyagraha in April, 1917
(ii) 1917 — Organization of Satyagraha Movement to support the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat.
(iii) 1918 — Organization of Satyagraha amongst Ahmedabad Cotton Mill workers.
Q 53. What was Rowlatt Act? How did the Indians show their disapproval towards this?
Ans. (1) Rowlatt Act was an oppressive Act introduced by the British government in 1919. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
(2) Indians disapproved this Act in the following ways:
(i) Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railways, workshops and offices were closed down.
(ii) A peaceful protest meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bag in Amritsar.
(iii) Gandhi started a herbal against this unjust law on 6th April, 1919.
(iv) Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested.
(v) Jallianwala Bag massacre occurred against the arrest of these leaders.
Q 54. Describe the stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement ?
Ans. Following were the important stages of Non-Cooperation Movement :
(1) Gandhi proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.
(2) It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded.
(3) He proposed for boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
(4) If the government used any sort of repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
(5) Finally, at the Congress Session at Nagpur in December, 1920, the Non-Cooperation Programmed was adopted.
(6) This movement came to halt in 1922 when violence took place at Chauri-Chaura in which the agitating people burnt the police station.
Q 55. Which social groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement and why ?
Ans. (1) The rich peasants were enthusiastic supporters as they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand.
(2) During the World War I, Indian businessmen made huge profits hence, keen on expanding further, they reacted against the colonial policies that restricted business activities.
(3) The poor peasantry found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords be remitted.
(4) The industrial working classes selectively adopted Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods as part of their own movements against low wages, poor working conditions.
(5) The women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty.
Q 56. Who was Simon? Why was Simon Commission sent to India ? Why did it fail ?
Ans. (1) Sir John Simon was the head of a Statutory Commission set up by Tory government in Britain.
(2) The Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
(3) The Commission did not have any Indian as its members. All its members were the British. Therefore, it was opposed in India.
(4) When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan “Go back Simon”.
(5) Congress, Muslim league and all other political parties opposed the Simon Commission.
Q 57. When and Where was Khilafat Committee formed ? What was its objective?
Ans. (1) It was formed in March, 1919 in Bombay.
(2) Objectives of Khilafat Committee :-
(i) To defend the temporal powers of the Khalifa of Turkey, the spiritual head of Islamic world.
(ii) To avert a harsh peace treaty which was to be imposed on the Ottoman Empire.
Q 58. Explain the ideas of Gandhi as he expressed in the famous book ‘Hind Swaraj’ regarding Non-cooperation ?
Ans. In his book “Hind Swaraj”, Gandhi gave reasons for the success of the British rule in India and how the Non-Cooperation Movement could make it to collapse.
(1) In his views, the British rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and had survived only because of this co-operation.
(2) If Indians refused to cooperate, the British rule would collapse within a year.
(3) The success of Non-Cooperation Movement would bring Swaraj for the Indian people.
Q 59. Describe the main features of Lahore Congress Session of December 1929.
Ans. The main features of Lahore Congress Session of December 1929 were as follows :
(1) In December 1929, under the Presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalized the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
(2) It was declared that 26th January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day.
(3) On this day, people were asked to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. But, the celebration attracted very little attention.
(4) In such a situation, Gandhi tried to find a way to relate this abstract idea of freedom to more concrete issue of everyday life.
(5) This came in the form of famous Civil Disobedience Movement.
Q 60. Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Ans. (1) In Awadh the talukdars and peasants had to pay exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses (Tax on Taxes).
(2) Peasants had to do beggar and work at landlords farms without any payment.
(3) As tenants, they had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land.
Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 61. Describe the role of the plantation workers of Assam in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Ans. (1) For plantation workers in Assam, Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement was a medium to oppose the Britishers oppressive rule.
(2) Thousands of workers had defied the authorities.
(3) They left the plantation and headed to their house however, never reached their destination, stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
(4) But plantation workers fully supported the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Q 62. Why did the industrial working classes not participate in Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers?
Ans. (1) The industrialists and businessmen like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla had profusely supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. This prevented workers to come close to Congress and movements initiated by the party.
(2) The working class, except from the Nagpur, did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(3) But inspire of that, some workers adopted Gandhian ideas of boycotting foreign goods as a part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.
(4) Also, Congress was reluctant to include workers’ demands as part of its programme of struggle.
(5) As this could have countered industrialists’ demands and as a result, it would have alienated them from active participation.
Q 63. Describe the contribution made by Alluri Sitaram Raju to the Non-Cooperation Movement in Andhra Pradesh.
Ans. (1) Raju talked about the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non–Cooperation Movement.
(2) He persuaded people to wear Khaki and give up drinking.
(3) He paradoxically asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non–violence. (4) He led the Gudem Rebels and attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.
Q 64. ”The merchants and industrialists made a significant contribution to the Civil Disobedience Movement.” In the light of the above statement, explain their role in the movement.
Ans. (1) Indian merchants and industrialists had seen huge profits from the economic boom during The First World War. As soon as the boom was replaced by the depression, their business got hit and losses became regular.
(2) They now reacted against the colonial policies that restricted business activities.
(3) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. They wanted such a Rupee Sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
(4) They organized Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and established the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
(5) They supported the Civil Disobedience Movement as they considered Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
Q 65. Why did rich peasant communities join Civil Disobedience Movement?
Ans. The rich peasant communities- Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the following reasons:
(1) These rich peasants used to produce commercial crops. As the prices fell and trade depression occurred, their income lowered very much.
(2) As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay government’s revenue demands.
(3) They had to sell their raw materials at arbitrary prices.
(4) Government refused to reduce the revenue demand.
(5) This enraged the rich peasants and they became active in the Civil Disobedience Movement as they thought that fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenue.
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Q 66. When was the Gandhi-Irwin pact signed? Name the provisions of the pact.
Ans. (1) Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed on 5 March 1931.
(2) By this pact Gandhi consented to participate in Round Table Conference. Congress had boycotted the First Round Table Conference in London.
(3) British Government agreed to release the political prisoners.
(4) In December 1931, Gandhi went to London for the Conference, but the negotiations broke and he returned disappointed.
(5) Provisions of the pact :
(a) Withdrawal of all ordinances and end of prosecution.
(b) Release of all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
(c) Permit peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops.
Q 67. Trace the events that led to Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar. What was its impact on the Dalits?
Ans. (1) The Congress had ignored the inclusion of untouchables or the Dalits till 1930.
(2) Congress was feared of offending the dominated class which was the huge conservative caste.
(3) Dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community.
(4) They believed political empowerment would resolve the problem of their social disability.
(5) Ambedkar organized the Dalits into the ‘Depressed Classes Association’ in 1930 and demanded separate electorate at the Second Round Table Conference held in London .
(6) The issue between Gandhi and Ambedkar over the separate electorate for Dalits was resolved under the Poona Pact in September 1932.
(7) Mahatma Gandhi gave the name Harijan to Dalits and advocated for better place in the society.
Q 68. Mahatma Gandhi put a lot of efforts for the upliftment of Dalits. Explain the statement.
Ans. (1) In spite of the fact that till 1930 Congress ignored the dalits, Gandhi had sympathy for them.
(2) Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.
(3) He called the untouchables Harijan or the children of God.
(4) He organized Satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
(5) He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the Bhangi (the sweepers).
Q 69. Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.
Ans. (1) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
(2) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule during the Salt March.
(3) To defy tax on Salt, Gandhi ji led a march from Sabarmati Ashram to the seashore point which ended at Dandi in Gujarat.
(4) Mahatma Gandhi was accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles and the volunteers took 24 days to complete the journey.
(5) On 6th April he reached dandi and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(6) Gandhi assumed that salt was one of the most essential items of food and consumed by the rich and the poor alike.
(7) The Salt March, indeed was the most significant symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Q 70. Describe the first tricolor flag designed during the Swadeshi Movement.
Ans. (1) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
(2) It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India.
(3) It had also a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
Class-10 The Rise of Nationalism in India
Q 71. Evaluate the contribution made by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay towards Swadeshi Movement.
Ans. Following contributions were made by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay towards Swadeshi Movement :
(1) The image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
(2) In the 1870s, he wrote Vande Mataram as a hymn to the motherland.
(3) Later it was included in his novel, `Anandamath’ and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
Q 72. Which folk tales were published by Natesa Sastri ? Highlight the main point of his thinking.
Ans. (1) Natesa Sastri published a massive four volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India.
(2) He believed that folklore was national literature. It was the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics.
(3) Ideas of nationalism developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. In late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards.
Q 73. How did reinterpretation of history create a sense of collective belongingness among different communities of India ?
Ans. (1) By the end of the nineteenth century, many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently.
(2) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves.
(3) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
(4) Many prominent writers wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, folklores, religion and culture, law and philosophy had flourished. Swadeshi Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Khilafat Movement, Swaraj Movement were based on the rich past of our country.
Q 74. Who designed Swaraj Flag in 1921 ? Mention any two features of this Swaraj Flag.
Ans. (1) In 1921, Gandhi had designed the Swaraj Flag.
(2) It was given a tricolor (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
(3) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.
Q 75. How did the movement to revive Indian folklore played an important role to develop the ideas of nationalism? Explain with examples.
Ans. Nationalism developed through revival of the Indian folklore in the following ways :
(1) Nationalists gathered Indian folk tales sung by bards as well as legends.
(2) They felt the need to preserve this folk tradition to discover national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.
(3) In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths and led the movement for folk revival.
(4) In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four volume of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature, it was most trustworthy of people’s thoughts and characteristics.
(5) The nationalists travelled to villages to gather folksongs, folktales and legends and considered them to give a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by the outside forces.
Important Questions For Class 10 The Rise of Nationalism in India