Question 1
Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet ?
The magnetic field of the magnet exerts force on both the poles of the compass needle. The forces experienced by the two poles are equal and opposite. These two forces form a couple which deflects the compass needle.
Question 2
Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.
Question 3
List the properties of magnetic lines of force.
Properties of magnetic lines of force :
- The magnetic field lines originate from the north pole of a magnet and end at its south pole.
- The magnetic field lines become closer to each other near the poles of a magnet but they are widely separated at other places.
- Two magnetic field lines do not intersect one another.
Question 4
Why don’t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other ?
This is due to the fact that the resultant force on a north pole at any point can be only in one direction. But if the two magnetic field lines intersect one another, then the resultant force on north pole placed at the point of intersection will be along two directions, which is not possible.
Question 5
Consider a circular loop of wire lying on the plane of the table. Let the current pass through the loop clockwise. Apply the right hand rule to find out the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.
As shown in figure alongside, each section of wire produces its concentric set of lines of force. By applying right hand thumb rule, we find that all the sections produce magnetic field downwards at all points inside the loop while at the outside points, the field is directed upwards. Therefore, the magnetic field acts normally into the plane of the paper at the points inside the loop and normally out of the plane of paper at points outside the loop.
Question 6
The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.
A uniform magnetic field in a region is represented by drawing parallel straight lines, ail pointing in the same direction.
For example, the uniform magnetic field which exists inside a current-carrying solenoid can be represented by parallel straight lines pointing from its S-pole to N-pole (as shown in figure).
Question 7
Choose the correct option.
The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-carrying current
(i) is zero
(ii) decreases as we move towards its end
(iii) increases as we move towards its end
(iv) is the same at all points
(iv) Is the same at all points.
Question 8
Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field. (There may be more than one correct answer.)
(i) Mass
(ii) Speed
(iii) Velocity
(iv) Momentum
The correct options are (iii) velocity, (iv) momentum.
Question 9
In Activity 13.7 how do we think the displacement of rod AB will be affected if (i) current in rod AB is increased (ii) a stronger horse-shoe magnet is used; and (iii) length of the rod AB is increased ?
(i) When the current in the rod AB is increased, force exerted on the conductor increases, so the displacement of the rod increases.
(ii) When a stronger horse-shoe magnet is used, the magnitude of the magnetic field increases. This increases the force exerted on the rod and the displacement of the rod.
(iii) When the length of the rod AB is increased, force exerted on the conductor increases, so the displacement of the rod increases.
Question 10
A positively-charged particle (alpha particle) projected towards west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field.
The direction of magnetic field is :
(i) towards south
(ii) towards east
(iii) downward
(iv) upward
Here, the positively charged alpha particles are moving towards west, so the direction of current is towards east. The deflection is towards north, so the force is towards north, so, we are given that
(i) direction of current is towards west
(ii) direction of force is towards north.
Let us now hold the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of our left-hand at right angles to one another. Adjust the hand in such a way that our mid finger points towards west (in the direction of current) and thumb points towards north (in the direction of force). Now, if we look at our forefinger, it will be pointing upward. Because the direction of forefinger gives the direction of magnetic field, therefore, the magnetic field is in the upward direction.
Question 11
State Fleming’s left hand rule.
Fleming’s left hand rule : Stretch the first finger, the middle finger and the thumb of your left hand mutually perpendicular to each other in such a way that the first finger represents the direction of the magnetic field, the middle finger represents the direction of the current in the conductor, then the thumb will represent the direction of motion of the conductor.
Question 12
What is the principle of an electric motor ?
A motor works on the principle of magnetic effect of current. When a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field and current is passed through it, a force acts on the coil which rotates it continuously.
When the coil rotates, the shaft attached to it also rotates. In this way the electrical energy supplied to the motor is converted into the mechanical energy of rotation..
Question 13
What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor ?
The split ring reverses the direction of current in the armature coil after every half rotation, i.e., it acts as a commutator. The reversed current reverses the direction of the forces acting on the two arms of the armature after every half rotation. This allows the armature coil to rotate continuously in the same direction.
Question 14
Explain different ways to induce current in a coil.
Different ways to induce current in a coil are :
- moving a magnet towards or away from the coil or vice-versa, and
- changing current in the neighbouring coil.
Question 15
State the principle of an electric generator.
The electric generator works on the principle that when a straight conductor is moved in a magnetic field, then current is induced in the conductor.
In an electric generator, a rectangular coil is made to rotate rapidly in the magnetic field between the poles of a horse-shoe type magnet. When the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic field lines due to which a current is produced in the coil.
Question 16.
Name some sources of direct current.
Some of the sources of direct current are dry cells, button cells, lead accumulators.
Question 17
Which sources produce alternating current ?
Alternating current is produced by AC generators of nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, hydroelectric power stations, etc.
Question 18
Choose the correct option : A rectangular coil of copper wires is rotated in a magnetic field. The direction of the induced current changes once in each:
(i) two revolution
(ii) one revolution
(iii) half revolution
(iv) one-fourth revolution
(iii) Half revolution.
Question 19.
Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.
(i) Earthing and
(ii) Electric fuse.
Question 20
An electric oven of 2 kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A. What result do you expect ? Explain.
The electric oven draws a current given by
Thus the electric oven draws current much more than the current rating 5 A. That is the circuit is overloaded. Due to excessive current, the fuse wire will blow and the circuit will break.
What precautions should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits ?
To avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits, the following precautions should be taken :
(i) The wires used in the circuit must be coated with good insulating materials like PVC, etc.
(ii) The circuit must be divided into different sections and a safety fuse must be used in each section.
(iii) High power appliances like air-conditioner, refrigerator, a water heater, etc. should not be used simultaneously.
Question 21
Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight wire ?
(i) the field consists of straight lines perpendicular to the wire
(ii) the field consists of straight lines parallel to the wire
(iii) the field consists of radial lines originating from the wire
(iv) the field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire
(iv) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire
Question 22
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is
(i) the process of charging a body
(ii) the process of generating magnetic field due to a current passing through a coil
(iii) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil
(iv) the process of rotating a coil of an electric motor
(iii) Producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil
Question 23
The device used for producing electric current is called a
(i) generator
(ii) galvanometer
(iii) ammeter
(iv) motor
(i) Generator.
Question 24
The essential difference between an AC generator and a DC generator is that
(i) AC generator has an electromagnet while a DC generator has permanent magnet
(ii) DC generator will generate a higher voltage
(iii) AC generator will generate a higher voltage
(iv) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator
(iv) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator
Question 25
At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit
(i) reduces substantially
(ii) does not change
(iii) increases heavily
(iv) varies continuously
(iii) Increases heavily.
Question 26
State whether the following statements are True or False.
(i) An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
(ii) An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
(iii) The field at the centre a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines.
(iv) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply.
(i) False
(ii) True
(iii) True
(iv) False.
Question 27
List three sources of magnetic fields.
(i) Current carrying conductor
(ii) Electromagnets
(iii) Permanent magnets
Question 28
How docs a solenoid behave like a magnet ? Can you determine the north and south poles of a current-carrying solenoid with the help of a bar magnet? Explain.
A solenoid behaves like a magnet in the following ways.
- The magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid is very much similar to that of a bar magnet.
- Like a bar magnet, one end of the solenoid has N-polarity while the other end has S-polarity.
To determine the north and south poles, we bring N-pole of the bar magnet near one end of the solenoid. If there is an attraction, then that end of the solenoid has south polarity and the other has north polarity. If there is a repulsion, then that end of the solenoid has north polarity and the other end has south polarity because similar poles repel each other.
Question 29
When is the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field largest ?
When the conductor carries current in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, the force experienced by the conductor is largest.
Question 30
Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron beam, moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right side. What is the direction of magnetic field ?
Here the electron beam is moving from our back wall to the front wall, so the direction of current will be in the opposite direction, from front wall towards back wall or towards us. The direction of deflection (or force) is towards our right side.
We now know two things :
- direction of current is from front towards us, and
- direction of force is towards our right side.
Let us now hold the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of our left hand at right angles to one another. We now adjust the hand in such a way that our centre finger points towards us (in the direction of current) and thumb points towards right side (in the direction of force). Now, if we look at our forefinger, it will be pointing vertically downwards. Since the direction of forefinger gives the direction of magnetic field, therefore, the magnetic field is in the vertically downward direction.
Question 31
Draw a labelled diagram of an electric motor. Explain its principle and working. What is the function of a split ring in an electric motor ?
Electric Motor : The device used to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy is called Electric Motor. It is used in fans, machines, etc.
Principle : NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric CurrentElectric motor works on the principle of force experienced by a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field. The two forces in the opposite sides are equal and opposite. Since they act in different lines they bring rotational motion.
Working of an electric motor :
When current starts to flow, the coil ABCD is in horizontal position. The direction of current through armature coil has the direction from A to B in the arm AB and from C to D in the arm CD. The direction of force exerted on the coil can be found through Fleming’s left hand law.
According to this law, it is found that the force exerted on the part AB, pushes the coil downwards. While the force exerted on the part CD pushes it upwards. In this way, these two forces being equal and opposite form a couple that rotates the coil in anticlockwise direction.
When the coil is in vertical position, the brushes X and Y would touch the centre of the commutator and the current in the coil is stopped. Though current is stopped but the coil comes back in horizontal state due to momentum.
After half rotation, the polarity of the commutator also changes, because now Q makes contact with brush X and P with brush Y. Therefore, now the force exerts downwards on the arm AB and upwards on the arm CD and thus again a couple of forces is formed that rotates the coil in clockwise direction. This process is repeated again and again and the coil rotates til! the current flows across it.
Function of split ring : Split ring in a motor acts as a commutator, i.e., it reverses the flow of current in the circuit due to which the direction of the forces acting on the arms also reverses.
Question 32
Name some devices in which electric motors are used.
Electric motor is used in the appliances like electric fans, washing machine, mixers, grinders, blenders, computers, MP3 players, etc.
Question 33
A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What will happen if a bar magnet is (t) pushed into the coil (ii) withdrawn from inside the coil (iii) held stationary inside the coil ?
(i) As a bar magnet is pushed into the coil, a momentary deflection is observed in the galvanometer indicating the production of a momentary current in the coil.
(ii) When the bar magnet is withdrawn from the coil, the deflection of galvanometer is in opposite direction showing the production of an opposite current.
(iii) When the bar magnet is held stationary inside the coil, there is no deflection in galvanometer indicating that no current is produced in the coil..
Question 34
Two circular coils A and B are placed closed to each other. If the current in the coil A is changed, will some current be induced in the coil B ? Give reason.
Yes, some current will be induced in the coil B. When the current in coil A is changed, some current is induced in the coil B. Due to change in current in coil A, the magnetic field lines linked with coil A and with coil B get changed. This sets up induced current in coil B.
Question 35
State the rule to determine the direction of a (i) magnetic field produced around a straight conductor-carrying current (it) force experienced by a current-carrying straight conductor placed in a magnetic field which is perpendicular to it, and (in) current induced in a coil due to its rotation in a magnetic field.
(i) Right hand thumb rule : If the current carrying conductor is held in the right hand such that the thumb points in the direction of the current, then the direction of the curl of the fingers will give the direction of the magnetic field.
(ii) Fleming’s left hand rule : NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Stretch the forefinger, the central finger and the thumb of the left hand mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field, the middle finger in the direction of current, then the thumb points in the direction of force in the conductor.
(iii) Fleming’s right hand rule : Stretch the thumb, forefinger and the central finger of the right hand mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field, thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor, then the middle finger points in the direction of current induced in the conductor.
Question 36
Explain the underlying principle and working of an electric generator by drawing a labelled diagram. What is the function of brushes ?
Principle : The electric generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a coil is rotated with respect to a magnetic field, the number of magnetic field lines through the coil changes. Due to this a current is induced in the coil whose direction can be found by Fleming’s right hand rule.
Working : When the armature coil ABCD rotates in a magnetic field produced by the permanent magnets, it cuts through the magnetic lines of force.
Due to the rotation of armature coil, the associated magnetic field changes and an induced electromagnetic force is produced in it. The direction of this induced electromotive force or current can be determined by using Fleming’s right hand rule.
In first half cycle the current flows in one direction by brush B1 and in second it flows in opposite direction by brush B2. This process continues. So the current produced is alternating in nature.
Functions of Brushes : Brushes in contact with rings provide the current for external use.
Question 37
When does an electric short circuit occur ?
In a domestic circuit, short-circuit occurs when live and neutral wire come in direct contact with each other without any resistance. The resistance of the circuit becomes zero and excessive current starts to flow through it.
Question 38
What is the function of an earth wire ? Why is it necessary to earth metallic appliances ?
Earth wire is a safety measure that provides a low resistance conducting path to the current. Sometimes due to excess heat or wear and tear, the live wire comes in direct contact with the metallic cover of the appliances, which can give an electric shock on touching them. To prevent from the shock the metallic part is connected to the earth through a three-pin plug due to which the current flows to the earth at the instant there is a short circuit.
It is necessary to earth metallic appliances because it ensures that if there is any current leakage in the metallic cover, the potential of the appliance becomes equal to that of the earth. The potential of the earth is zero. As a result, the person handling the appliance will not get an electric shock.
Question 39
Why does a compass needle gets deflected when brought near a bar magnet?
A compass needle is, in fact, a small bar magnet. If this is brought near another bar magnet, the like poles repel and the needle gets deflected.
Question 40
Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet?
Question 41
List the properties of magnetic lines of force.
a) Magnetic lines are directed from the north pole towards the south pole.
b) They do not cross each other.
c) They are more crowded near the poles than at any other region in the field.
d) They are closed curves.
e) In the uniform magnetic field, the lines of force are parallel to one another.
Question 42
Why don’t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other?
No two field-lines are found to cross each other. If they did, it would mean that at the point of intersection, the compass needle would point towards two directions, which is not possible.
Question 43
Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current pass through the loop clockwise. Apply the right-hand rule to find out the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.
At every point of a current –carrying loop, the concentric circles representing the magnetic field around it would become larger and larger as we move away from the wire. By the time we reach at the center of the circular loop, the arc of these big circles would appear as straight lines.
Question 44
The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.
Question 45
The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-carrying current
a) is zero
b) decreases as we move towards its end
c) increases as we move towards its end
d) is the same at all points
d) is the same at all points
Question 46
Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field?
a) Mass
b) Speed
c) Velocity
d) Momentum
c) Velocity
d) Momentum.
Question 47
(a) Current in rod AB is increased?
(b) A stronger horseshoe magnet is used?
(c) Length of the rod AB is increased?
(a) If the current in rod AB is increased, the displacement of rod AB will not be affected.
(b) If a stronger horseshoe magnet is used, force is exerted and hence the displacement increases.
(c) If the length of the rod AB is increased there is no change in the displacement of the rod AB.
Question 48
A positively-charged particle projected towards west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic field is
a) Towards south
b) Towards east
c) Downward
d) Upward
b) Towards east.
Question 49
State Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Fleming’s left-hand rule states that, stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of the left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic field and the second finger in the direction of current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.
Question 50
What is the principle of an electric motor?
Principle of an electric motor:
The working of the electric motor is based on the mechanical effect of an electric current. A conductor carrying a current placed in a magnetic field experiences a mechanical force.
In the motor, when a current is passed through a rectangular coil of wire placed in a magnetic field, the coil rotates continuously.
Question 51
What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor?
In electric motor, the split ring acts as a commutator. A device that reverses the direction of flow of current through a circuit is called a commutator. The reversal of current also reverses the direction of force acting on the two arms AB and CD.
Question 52
Explain different ways to induce current in a coil.
Current can be induced in a coil either by moving it in a magnetic field or by changing the magnetic field around it. The induced current is found to be the highest when the direction of motion of the coil is at right angles to the magnetic field. The process, by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor, is called electromagnetic induction.
Question 53
State the principle of an electric generator.
A generator is also known as a dynamo. It is a device used to convert mechanical energy in to electrical energy. The mechanical energy is used to rotate a conductor in a magnetic field to produce electricity. It is an application of electromagnetic induction.
An A.C generator generates an alternating current.
A D.C generator is used to deliver a current, which flows in the same direction.
Question 54
Name some source of direct current.
The source of direct current is a split-ring type commutator, one brush is at all times in contact with the arm moving up in the field, while the other is in contact with the arm moving down. Thus a unidirectional current is produced.
Question 55
Which sources produce alternating current?
The sources which produce alternating current is a permanent magnet called the field magnet, armature, slip ring and carbon brushes. After every half rotation the polarity of the current in the respective arms changes. Such a current, Which changes direction after equal intervals of time, is called an alternating current.
Question 56
A rectangular coil of copper wires is rotated in a magnetic field. The direction of the induced current changes once in each:
a) Two revolutions
b) One revolution
c) Half revolutions
d) One-fourth revolutions.
b) One revolution.
Question 57
Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.
The use of an electric fuse prevents the electric circuits and appliance from a possible damage by passing the flow of unduly high electric current. The Joule heating that takes place in the fuse melts it to break the electric circuit.
Question 58
An electric oven of 2 KW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain.
V = 220 V, I = 5 A
Power, P = VI
P = 220 × 5
P = 1100 W
Therefore, power P = 1100 W = 1.1 KW
Therefore, an electric oven of 2 KW power rating cannot be operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A because electric oven has higher power than the power of the electric circuit.
Question 59.
What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits?
Fuse is the most important safety device, to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits.
Too many appliances should not be connected to a single socket..
Question 60
Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long
straight wire?
(a) The field consists of straight lines perpendicular to the wire.
(b) The field consists of straight lines parallel to the wire.
(c) The field consists of radial lines originating from the wire.
(d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire.
(d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire.