Q 1- How does Abraham Lincoln define democracy?
Ans- Democracy is a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.
Q 2- Describe the origin of the word democracy.
Ans- Democracy has its origin in the Greek word ‘Demokratia. ‘Demos’ means people and ‘Kratia’ means the rule. So it means rule by the people.
Q 3- Give one common feature of democratic governments.
Ans- One common feature is that people elect their representatives on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise.
Q 4- What is a referendum?
Ans- A referendum is a direct vote in which the entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. It may be the adoption of a new constitution, a law, or a specific governmental policy.
Q 5- Who took the final decisions in Pakistan after the elections?
Ans- The final decisions were taken by the army and General Musharraf.
Q 6- When did Pervez Musharraf come to power in Pakistan?
Ans- Pervez Musharraf came to power in Pakistan by a military coup in October 1999.
Q 7- How did Pervez Musharraf declare himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country?
Ans- In October 1999, he led a military coup to overthrow a democratically-elected government and declared himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country.
Q 8- What major political incident happened in Pakistan in the year 2002?
Ans- A referendum was held in the country in 2002. It granted Pervez Musharraf five year extension as President.
Q 9- What do you mean by ‘Legal Framework Order’?
Ans- It was an order issued by General Musharraf empowering him to dismiss the national or provincial assemblies.
Q 10- Which members are allowed to contest the election in China?
Ans- Only the members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it were allowed to contest elections held in 2002-03. The Communist Party always forms the government.
Q 11- After how many years do Mexico hold elections for electing the President?
Ans- Since its independence in 1930, Mexico holds elections after every six years for electing the President
Q 12- Why was every election won by PRI in Mexico?
Ans- PRI managed to win every election mainly through unfair means. They spent a lot of money in campaigning for its candidates and forced people to vote for them.
Q 13- How can we say that people in Mexico did not have any choice in the elections?
Ans- There was no choice for people in Mexico. There was no way PRI could be defeated, even if the people were against it. The elections were not fair.
Q 14- In which country women do not have the right to vote until 2015?
Ans- Until 2015, women do not have the right to vote in Saudi Arabia.
Q 15- Which party of Zimbabwe led the struggle for independence?
Ans- The ZANU-PF in Zimbabwe led the struggle for independence.
Q 16- Who was the President of Zimbabwe since independence?
Ans- The President of Zimbabwe was Robert Mugabe.
Q 17- In which period did China record its worst famine?
Ans- China’s famine of 1958-1961 was the worst-recorded famine in the world history.
Q 18- What is the basic sense behind taking a decision in democracy?
Ans- In democracy decision-making involves consultations and the consent of all those who are affected by that decision.
Q 19- What is a representative democracy?
Ans- It is a form of democracy where the majority of people rule through their elected representatives.
Q 20- Why is representative democracy considered the most common form of democracy?
Ans- A large number of people in democracies can’t sit together and take decisions collectively, so representative democracy is the most common in practice.
Q 21- What is direct democracy?
Ans- Direct democracy is also known as pure democracy. It is one in which entire people decide e.g. vote form consensus on policy initiative directly, e.g. Switzerland.
Q 22- Which forms of government do not require all citizens to take part in politics?
Ans- Governments like monarchy, dictatorships, and one-party rule do not require all citizens to take part in politics.
Q 23- Who led a military coup in Pakistan in 1999?
Ans- Pervez Musharraf
Q 24- When did Zimbabwe attain independence and from whom?
Ans- In 1980 from white minority rule
Q 25- What is ZANU-PF?
Ans- Political party of Zimbabwe.
Q 26- Which body in the Indian political system is an example of direct democracy?
Ans- Gram Sabha
Q 27- What was the ‘Legal Framework Order’ passed by Pervez Musharraf in August 2002?
Ans- In August 2002, Musharraf issued a ‘Legal Framework Order’ that amended the Constitution of Pakistan. According to this Order, the President can dismiss the national and provincial assemblies
Q 28- Name the country where women do not have the right to vote till 2015.
Ans- Saudi Arabia
Q 29- Which party of Zimbabwe led the struggle for independence?
Ans- Zimbabwe African national union
Q 30- Name the Chinese parliament.
Ans- The Chinese parliament is called Quanguo Renmin Daibian Dahui (National People’s Congress).
Short Answer Questions
Q 31- How did General Pervez Musharraf become the President of Pakistan?
Ans- General Pervez Musharraf became the President of Pakistan by :
1) In Pakistan, General Musharraf led a military coup in October 1999.
2) He overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country.
3) Later he changed his designation to President, in 2002 held a referendum in the country that granted him a five-year extension.
Q 32- ‘Major decisions in a democracy must be taken by elected leaders.’ Justify the statement by giving two reasons and a suitable example.
Ans- In Pakistan after passing a law elections are held to national and state assemblies.
1) So now elected representatives must have some powers but final power rests with military officers.
2) Those who take final decisions are not elected by the people.
3) They have formally elected a parliament and government but the real power is in the hands of those who are not elected.
Q 33- Democracy is based on the principle of political equality. Give two instances of denial of equal right to vote.
Ans- Examples to prove that political equality is still missing in many countries are:
1) In Saudi Arabia, women do not have the right to vote.
2) In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian-Fiji.
3) In Estonia, the Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.
Q 34- Examine the three common features of democratic countries.
Ans- Following are the features of democratic countries :
1) Freedom of speech, expression, and thought is a feature of democracy.
2) Elections are held at regular intervals and are fair and free.
3) The dignity of the individual is recognized.
Q 35- Define democracy and elaborate any two common features of it.
Ans- Democracy is a form of government that allows people to choose their rulers.
Features :
1) Only leaders elected by people rule the country.
2) People have the freedom to express their views.
3) Certain political freedom is enjoyed by the people
Q 36- What is democracy? Give examples of non-democratic countries?
Ans- Democracy is a form of government where leaders are elected by the people.
The examples of non-democratic countries are:
1. Army rulers of Myanmar are not elected by the people i.e. those who are in the government are not elected by the people. People have no say in the government.
2. Pinochet like dictators in Chile was not elected by the people.
3. The king ruled in Saudi Arabia and Nepal because he born in a royal family.
Q 37- Compare the democratic system in China with that in Mexico.
Ans-
| System in China | System in Mexico |
| (a) In China elections do not offer any choice. | (a) In Mexico the people seem to have a choice but practically they did not have any choice. |
| (b) People have to choose the ruling party and the candidates approved by it. | (b) There was no way the ruling party could be defeated even if the people were against it. |
Q 38- “China’s famine of 1958-61 was a result of government policies.” Explain.
Ans- 1. China’s famine of 1958-61 was the world’s worst recorded famine in the world history. Nearly three crore of people died in this famine. During this time India was not much better than China yet it did not face such a famine.
2. According to economists, it was the result of different government policies in the two countries. The existence of democracy in India made it respond to food security in a way that the Chinese government did not.
3. If China had a multi-party system then it would have been checked by the opposition and if the press was free to criticise the government then so many people would not have died.
Q 39- Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. Explain.
Ans- 1. In any society, people are bound to have difference of opinion and interests. These are particularly sharp in India which has an amazing social diversity.
2. People belong to different regions, speak different languages, practice different religions, have different castes. The preferences of one group may clash with those of others.
3. This clash of decisions can be solved by brutal power. Whichever group is more powerful will dictate its terms and others will have to accept that. But this will lead to resentment.
4. But in a democracy, one can find a solution to this. Here no one is a permanent winner. No one is a permanent loser. Different groups can live with one another peacefully e.g. In India different people live together.
Q 40- How does democracy enhance the dignity of the citizens?
Ans- 1. Democracy is based on the principle of political equality stating that the poorest and the least educated have the same status as the rich and the educated.
2. People are not the subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves.
3. Even when they make mistakes they are responsible for their own mistakes. Thus, democracy enhances the dignity of the citizens.
Q 41- Why is democracy considered the best form of government?
Ans- Democracy is considered the best form of government for the reasons as follow:
1. Democracy cannot give us everything but it is clearly better than any other alternative. It is a government responsive to the needs of the people.
2. It is likely to respect people’s wishes and allows different kinds of people to live together.
3. Even when it fails to do some of these things, it allows ways of correcting its mistakes and offers more dignity to all its citizens. That is why it is considered the best form of government.
Q 42- What according to you is the broader meaning of democracy?
Or
What do you understand by the “broader meaning of democracy”? Explain in three points.
Ans- 1. Democracy is a form of government in which people’s representatives sit together to take decisions.
2. Elections are held to choose the representatives and native people or citizens are allowed to participate in the elections.
3. Democracy, as a principle, can be applied to any sphere of life. In a true democracy no one goes to bed hungry, or denied equal information, basic education and equal resources.
Q 43- How elections in India are different from Mexico?
Ans- Both the countries have a multi-party system. In the case of India, political parties in power often lose elections whereas in the case of Mexico PRI did not lose a single election for more than 70 years. Elections in India are held after every 5 years whereas in the case of Mexico elections are held after 6 years. Government officials work under the Election Commission during the election days whereas this is not true for Mexico.
Q 44- What does direct democracy imply? Why can it not be practiced in the present-day world?
Ans- (i) Direct democracy implies to the democracy in which every citizen must be able to play equal role in decision-making.
(ii) (a) Modern democracies involve such a large number of people that it is physically not possible for them to sit together and take a collective decision. Even the majority does not rule directly but through their elected representatives.
(b) Moreover, the citizen does not have the time, the desire or the skills to take part in all the decisions.
Q 45- How can you say that China is not a democratic country?
Ans- In China, the elections do not offer the people any serious choice. They must choose the ruling party and the candidates approved by it. That is why we cannot say that China is a democratic country.
Q 46- What is the role of citizens in promoting democracy?
Ans- In a democracy, every citizen should be able to play an equal role in decision-making. For this, the citizen not only needs an equal right to vote but also equal information, basic education, equal resources and a lot of commitment.
Q 47- How does democracy improve the quality of decision making?
Ans- Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and meetings. When a number of people put their heads together, they are able to point out possible mistakes in any decision. This takes time. But there is a big advantage in taking time over important decisions. This reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions. Thus, democracy improves the quality of decision-making.
Q 48- How does democracy enhances the dignity of citizens?
Ans- Even if democracy does not bring about better decisions and accountable government, it is still better than other forms of government. Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens. Democracy is based on the principle of political equality, on recognizing that the poorest and the least educated have the same status as the rich and the educated. People are not subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves. Even when they make mistakes, they are responsible for their conduct.
Q 49- How is democracy better than other forms of government?
Ans- It is correct that democracy is better than other forms of government because it allows us to correct our own mistakes. There is no guarantee that mistakes cannot be made in a democracy. No form of government can guarantee that. The advantage in a democracy is that such mistakes cannot be hidden for long. There is a space for public discussion on these mistakes. And there is room for correction. Either the rulers have to change their decisions, or the rulers can be changed. This cannot happen in a non-democratic government.
Q 50- Democracy cannot get us everything and is not the solution to all problems. Then why are we interested in democracy?
Ans- It is clearly better than any other alternative form that we know. It offers better chances of a good decision and it is likely to respect people’s own wishes and allows different kinds of people to live together. Even when it fails to do some of these things, it allows a way of correcting its mistakes and offers more dignity to all citizens. That is why democracy is considered the best form of government.
Q 51- What does ‘one person, one vote, one value’ mean? Name the countries that deny the equal right to vote.
Ans- Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of political equality. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value. Democracy is linked to the demand for Universal Adult Franchise. Yet, there are many instances of denial of equal right to vote. Until 2015, in Saudi Arabia, women did not have the right to vote.
Estonia has made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote. In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian-Fijian.
Q 52- Is it correct that a democratic government cannot do whatever it likes? Explain.
Ans- A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes because it has won an election. It has to respect some basic rules. In particular, it has to respect some guarantees to the minorities. Every major decision has to go through a series of consultations. Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the constitution and the law. Each of these is accountable not only to the people but also to other independent officials.
A democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.
Q 53- Pakistan under General Pervez Musharraf is not called a democracy. Why?
Ans- Pakistan under General Pervez Musharraf is not called a democracy because :
- The rulers are not elected by the people in Pakistan.
- People may have elected their representatives to the national and provincial assemblies but those elected representatives are not really the rulers.
- They cannot make the final decisions.
- The power to take final excision rests with army officials and with General Musharraf, and none of them are elected by the people.
Q 54- How popular governments can be undemocratic? Explain with an example.
Ans- In Zimbabwe, since it attained independence in 1980, elections have been held regularly and always won by ZANU-Ph the party that led the freedom struggle. Its leader, President Robert Mugabe, is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. His government has changed the constitution several times to increase the powers of the President and make him less accountable. Opposition party workers are harassed. Public protests and demonstrations against the government are declared illegal. There is a law that limits the right to criticize the President. Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version.
Q 55- Till 2000, Mexico was not a democratic country. Explain.
Ans- In Maxico, people seemed to really have a choice but in practice they had no choice. There was no way the ruling party could be defeated, even if people were against it. These are not fair elections. But until 2000 every election was won by a party called PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party). ‘Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win. The PRI was known to use many dirty tricks to win elections.
Q 56- What is the significance of the rule of law and respect for rights in democratic country?
Ans- A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes, simply because it has won an election. It must respect some basic rules. It must respect some guarantees to the minorities. Every major decision has to go through a series of consultations. Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the constitution and the law. Each of these is accountable not only to the people but also to other independent officials.
Q 57- Explain any three differences between democratic country and non-democratic country.
Ans- In a Democratic Country :
Each adult citizen has a right to vote. Each vote has one value. Free and fair elections are held.
In a Non-democratic Country :
Elections do not offer a choice and fair opportunity. Rulers are not elected by the people. The rulers have unlimited power.
Long Answers Question
Q 58- Compare the features of Democratic and non-democratic governments.
Ans-
| Democratic Government | Non-Democratic Government | ||
| (a) Only these elected by the people, rule the country. The electorate choose their representatives at the time of election. | (a) People cannot choose their rulers or change them. They are either military dictators or hereditary rulers e.g. in Myanmar and in Saudi Arabia. | ||
| (b) Citizens enjoy various freedoms like freedom of expression or freedom to form associations. | (b) People do not have any freedom. They cannot criticise the government. They cannot form associations. | ||
| (c) Major decisions are taken by the elected leaders. | (c) People may not have any elected representatives e.g. in Pakistan. Even if they elect they cannot take final decisions. The decisions are taken by their leaders (dictators and monarchs). | ||
| (d) A democratic government is based on free and fair elections where those in power have a fair chance of losing. | (d) There are no free and fair elections e.g. In China only those who are members of the Chinese Communist Party are allowed to contest elections and form the government. | ||
| (e) In a democracy, each adult has one vote and each vote has one value. There is political equality. | (e) There are many instances of denial of political equality e.g. Until 2015, in Saudi Arabia women are denied the right to vote. | ||
| (f) A democratic government functions within the limits set by the constitutional laws and citizens’ rights. | (f) A non-democratic government can do whatever it likes, e.g. Robert Mugabe, a popular leader became an autocratic ruler. He also changed the constitution to because more powerful and less accountable. (any five) | ||
Q 59- What steps were taken by Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe to remain in power?
Ans- 1. Robert Mugabe’s government made changes in the constitution to make him more powerful and less accountable.
2. Opposition party workers were harassed and their meetings were disrupted.
3. Protests by public and demonstration were declared illegal.
4. He made laws to limit the right to criticise the President.
5. The media too has been forced to write and speak in favour of the ruling party. Independent newspaper and journalists were
Q 60- Describe the arguments against democracy.
Ans- The major arguments against democracy are:
1. Leaders keep changing in a democracy which leads to instability.
2. Democracy is all about political competition and power play. These is no morality.
3. So many people have to be consulted in a democracy that it leads to delays in decision-making.
4. Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. It leads to bad decisions.
5. Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral politics or competition.
6. Ordinary people don’t know what is good for them, they should not decide anything,
Q 61- Enlist the rights/freedoms which people do not enjoy in non-democratic countries.
Ans- The rights which the people of non-democratic countries cannot enjoy are
1) People cannot choose/change rulers.
2) No real freedom to express opinions.
3) No freedom to form political associations.
4) No freedom to organize protests/action.
5) No right to question authority.
Q 62- Highlight any five unfair practices used by the President of Zimbabwe to win the elections.
Ans- Unfair practices used by the President
1) His government has changed the constitution several times to increase his power.
2) Opposition party workers are harassed and their meetings disrupted.
3) Public protests and demonstrations against the government are declared illegal.
4) Laws that limit the right to criticise the president were passed.
5) Television and radio are controlled by the government.
Q 63- Why is democracy considered to be the best option among all other political systems available in world? Explain.
Ans- Accountable Government: Democracy is better than any other form of government because it represents the needs of the people. It does not depend on the whims of the ruler or the dictator. In simple words, we can say that democracy is for the people. It is an accountable form of government. Based on Consultation Discussion: Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. As such many mistakes are corrected in time. Thus, democracy improves the quality of decision-making. Deals with Differences: Democracy provides a peaceful solution to every problem. It provides the best method of dealing with differences and conflicts. It suits the needs of many countries like India with a diversity of languages, religions, castes, and creeds. Discussions lead to the solution of every problem, so it keeps our country united.
Political Equality: Democracy is based on political equality which ensures equal rights, both for the rich and the poor, the educated and the uneducated. Thus, in a way, democracy enhances the dignity of Room for Correction: It is only in a democracy that mistakes are admitted, and all attempts are made to correct these mistakes. If mistakes are made, it is only in a democracy that they are admitted and then corrected. In a democracy, thus, there is room for correction.
Democracy provides the opportunity for the citizens to flourish according to their ability.
Q 64- Explain the major features of democratic governments.
Ans- Responsible Government: Democratic government is a responsible government. The representatives elected by the people on the basis of universal adult franchise remain responsible to the people and in case they do not remain responsible before the people, the people can change them during the next elections.
Possibility of Good Laws: In a democratic government, the representatives have a direct relation with the people. Therefore, they properly understand their problems and interests. They properly represent the interest of the people in the assemblies, and the parliament and always try to get good laws passed.
Political Education: The greatest merit of democracy is its educative value. Participation in elections and other political activities, make the people intelligent and politically conscious. They become enlightened citizens.
Based on Liberty and Fraternity: In a democracy, the rights and the liberty of the people are well safeguarded. People are given the freedom to express their views without any fear. They can criticize the wrong policies of the government.
Respect for the Principle of Equality: In a democracy, all are equal in the eyes of law, and no
discrimination is done on the basis of birth, race, caste, color, sex, religion, etc. All citizens get equal participation in the affairs of the state. Government Based on the Will of the People: Democracy is based on the will of the people, and it functions according to their consent. The Government cannot ignore the interest of the people.
Q 65- Which characteristics make democratic government so popular?
Ans- Accountable Government: Democracy is better than any other form of government because it represents the needs of the people. It does not depend on the whims of the ruler or the dictator. In simple words, we can say that democracy is for the people. It is an accountable form of government. Based on Consultation and Discussion: Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. As such many mistakes are corrected in time. Thus, democracy improves the quality of decision making. Deals with Differences: Democracy provides a peaceful solution to every problem. It provides the best method of dealing with differences and conflicts. It suits the needs of many countries like India with diversity of languages, religions, castes and creeds. Discussions lead to the solution of every problem, so it keeps our country united.
Political Equality: Democracy is based on political equality which ensures equal rights, both for the rich and the poor, the educated and the uneducated. Thus, in a way, democracy enhances the dignity of every citizen.
Q 66- “Though democracy is considered to be the best form of government, it is not an ideal form of government.” Give five arguments to prove the above statement.
Ans- It is not an ideal form of government because every citizen does not play an equal role m decision-making. Even the majority does not rule directly. But, it rules through their elected representatives. Democracy provides only political equality but people also need social and economic equality. An ideal government is a government that is not run by few powerful people. It is free of corruption. An ideal government is a government where there is gender equality.
Q 67- Explain the representative democracy. Why is representative democracy the most common form of government in modem times? Explain any four reasons.
Ans- (i) When the majority of people rule through their elected representatives, this is called representative democracy.
(ii) The most common form that democracy takes in our times is that of representative democracy. In a democracy, all the people do not rule. Direct rule by people is not possible.
So, in a democracy, the majority is allowed to take decisions on behalf of all the people. Even the majority does not rule directly. It rules through its elected representatives.
A representative democracy becomes necessary. Modem democracies comprise a large number of people. It is physically impossible for them to sit or collect together at a place and take a collective decision. Even if they could collect together, all the citizens do not have the time, the desire, or the skills to take part in all the decisions.
Q 68- Write any five arguments in favour and five against democracy as a form of government.
Ans- Arguments in favour of Democracy: Democratic form of government is accountable.
- Democracy improves the quality of decision-making.
- It provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
- Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
- It allows us to correct our mistakes.
- Arguments against Democracy: Change of leaders lead to instability.
- It involves only political competition with no scope for morality.
- Consulting more people leads to delays.
- It leads to corruption.
- Ordinary people don’t know that what is good for them.
Q 69- Write some common features of the non-democratic countries.
Ans- Some common features of the non-democratic countries are:
(i) In non-democratic countries, the people are not allowed to criticise the government. Doing so means imprisonment, harassment and trouble one after the other.
(ii) In non-democratic countries, the rule of the king or the so-called military rule prevails and the question of elections does not arise.
(iii) In non-democratic countries, no opposition is tolerated. So the question of political parties, especially of the opposition parties does not arise. Only those political parties can survive which toe to the line of the government.
(iv) In non-democratic countries, the workers are not allowed to form their independent trade unions. Only such trade unions can survive, who rightly or wrongly, support the policies of the government.
(v) In non-democratic countries, all the people are at the mercy of the dictator or the military rulers. Anybody can be detained, arrested or even put to death without any trial.
(vi) In non-democratic countries, nobody can even aspire for any big post. If he is ready to be a tool in the hands of the ruler/ dictator/military leaders, he can hope to get some good post. But he will have to kill his conscience and become dumb and deaf.
Q 70- Why is Zimbabwe not considered a democratic country?
Ans- (i) Same Party Ruling: Zimbabwe attained independence from white minority rule in 1980. Since then the country has been ruled by the party ZANU-PF. Its leader Robert Mugabe, has been ruling the country since independence.
(ii) Unfair Elections: Elections have been held regularly and always won by the ruling party. They have.
(iii) Change of Constitution to favour the Government: President Mugabe appears to be popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. His government has changed the Constitution several times to increase the power of the President and make him less accountable.
(iv) Suppression of Opposition: Opposition party workers are often harassed and their meetings disrupted by the ruling party.
(v) Right to Freedom Missing: Public protests and demonstrations against the government are declared illegal. There is a law that limits the right to criticize the President. Television and radio are controlled by the government.
(vi) Absence of Independent Judiciary: The government has ignored some court judgments that went against it and has pressurized judges.
Q 71- How far was the communist government responsible for the famine that occurred in China in 1958-1961? Explain.
Ans- China’s famine of 1958-1961 was the worst recorded famine in world history. Nearly three crore people died in this famine. During those days, India’s economic condition was not much better than China. Yet India did not have a famine of the kind of China. Economists think that this was a result of different government policies in the two countries. The existence of democracy in India made the Indian government respond to food scarcity in a way that the Chinese government did not. They point out that no large-scale famine has ever taken place in an independent and democratic country, If China too had multi-party elections, an opposition party and a press free to criticize the government, then so many people may not have died in the war.
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