Q 1 – What is Industrial Revolution?
Ans. It is the transformation of industry and the economy in a country. Eg. Britain brought the first Industrial Revolution out from its thinkers, scientists (eccentric and unqualified) down in manifestation.
Q 2 – Mention the names of some new machinery and technologies.
Ans. Flying shuttle loom, spinning Jenny, water Frame, mule in the cotton textile sector, the locomotive engine in the railway sector and steam engine, Puffing Devil in the mining sector.
Q 3 – Do you think, the businessmen and inventors were ‘ wealthy and educated who had sown the seed of industrialization?
Ans. As per the further individual detail given in this theme, these people were not wealthy and educated but each of them was an exclusive or unique product of perseverance, interest, curiosity, and right time harmony of austere, intuition, and grace of Almighty described as luck, destiny, fate, a lot, etc. It was twin gems of determination intertwined with forbearance duly studded on a ring of zeal to do something new and unique.
Q 4 – Who had first used the term Industrial Revolution?
Ans. The scholars in Europe who addressed so or given names to a new trend as the Industrial Revolution were, Georges Michelet and Freidrich Engels of Germany.
Q 5 – When did the term Industrial Revolution come into use in Britain?
Ans. It was during the reign of George III and the user was a professor at Oxford University, a philosopher and economist in stature, Arnold Toynbee. He used it while describing changes that occurred in British industrial development in lectures to the college students.
Q 6 – What was the foremost factor which had made Britain the founding father of the Industrial Revolution?
Ans. We know that since the seventeenth century, England, Wales, and Scotland were integrated under the regime of Monarchy or Kingship. It was, therefore, politically stable i.e. a precedent notion to capital formation and invest/reinvest operations mandatory for R and D.
Q 7 – Write in brief the background factors resulting in the first Industrial Revolution in England.
Ans.
- Common law,
- Single currency,
- Larger indigenous market,
- Exemptions from custom Duty/octroi, tariff, etc. This all was possible in the well-organized or centralized nation under a King or ruler.
Q 8 – What was the agricultural revolution in England?
Ans. It was related to the promotion of agrarian economy or countryside development.
Q 9 – What were the percussions of the agricultural revolution?
Ans. Bigger landlords had bought up small farms near their own properties, grabbed the rural common lands, (Eq. meadows, pastures), and thus, made large estates for them. It resulted in rising of workers’ class (i.e. factory workers) in society.
Q 10 – How did payment of wages and salaries in money help the process of the Industrial Revolution?
Ans. It gave people, a wider chance for ways to spend their earnings, and thus, consumerism and commercialism sneaked in and market expansion took place.
Q 11 – What does a phenomenal increase in city population indicate?
Ans. It indicates, whatever showed in official records; gross neglect to countryside and agriculture in government policies. To survive anyhow in the cities, the rural people migrate there and thus, over-population in cities brings ailments at physical, mental, and emotional levels.
Q 12 – How did London become a triangular trade network?
Ans. Mediterranean ports of Italy and France had lost their significance as the center of global trade and it was shifted to the Atlantic ports of Holland and Britain. London became a powerful source of loans for international trade. It became the center of a triangular trade network formed in England, Africa, and the West Indies.
Q 13 – What did the rivers contribute to London’s proliferation as a center of trade?
Ans. This helped the movement of goods between markets. Coastline (indented) and sheltered bays also assisted in the process.
Q 14 – Mention the navigable length of rivers and their proximity to the factories established at different places.
Ans. It was measured in 1724 as 1, 160 miles. Factories and markets in Britain were within the range of 15 miles from rivers.
Q 15 – What were Coasters?
Ans. These were coastal ships or the ships rowed within the limits of the sea-shore.
Q 16 – What was the use of the coaster?
Ans. Every river in Britain drained in the sea hence, coasters were used in loading cargo brought by river vessels.
Q 17 – What were factors associated with Industrial Revolution in Britain?
Ans.
- Availability of an army of poor/landless people for work in factories,
- The strong and nationalized banking system and
- A good transport network.
Q 18 – Why is there seen a gap of a few years or decades or even a century between development and its widespread application?
Ans. As the development (physical, mental and emotional) during adolescence and teen-age is manifested in a man at his youth or prime and it takes time of at least 15 years, the same way, the developments gradually step forward from planning, gestation, trial, generalization and accomplishment i.e. all scientific and usual processes. For instance, another country would follow any change when its direct advantages are observed, enquired, discussed, and generalized properly up to a certain period of time. Hence, this gap is left.
Q 19 – What natural resources had contributed to the process of mechanization of the Industrial revolution?
Ans. It was ample reserves of coal, iron ore, lead, copper, and tin i.e. the cardinal components of the Industry in Britain
Q 20 – What was initially used for the process of smelting?
Ans. It was charcoal (from burnt timber).
Q 21 – What were the inventions made by Darbys of Shropshire in the smelting process in the quality of iron?
Ans. This were-invention of the blast furnace, conversion of pig iron into wrought iron, and rolling mill.
Q 22 – Which area was called the iron bridge?
Ans. It was Coalbrookdale at the bank of the River Severn.
Q 23 – How many coalfields were in coastal areas of Britain?
Ans. There were five coal fields.
Q 24 – Mention the areas where coal and iron were manufactured in Britain?
Ans. These areas were-Lancashire, Yorkshire, Birmingham, Swansea, Bristol, London, Wales, Leeds, Manchester Sheffield, Liverpool, and Cornwall.
Q 25 – What were the two features of the cotton industry in Britain?
Ans.
- Import of raw cotton from colonies like India and export of finished cloth to them.
- To retain control over the sources of raw material and the markets.
Q 26 – What was the Miner’s Friend and who had invented it?
Ans. It was a model steam engine invented by Thomas Savery. In shallow depths, these engines worked slowly and much pressure sometimes caused a burst of the boiler.
Q 27 – What were the defects in the engine made by Thomas Newcomen in 1712?
Ans. Its condensing cylinder caused the loss of energy to a great extent.
Q 28 – What was the main purpose of digging canals?
Ans. These were dug for transportation of coal to cities
Q 29 – What was the capacity of the Butcher constructed by George Stephenson?
Ans. It could pull weight of 30 tons up a hill at a speed of 4 miles per hour.
Q 30 – Who were the inventors of machines?
Ans. The brilliant, intuitive thinkers and people doing regular experiments were the inventors. These essences of the invention do not require special education and training because of conscience with perseverance be blended in course of inventing something.
Q 31 – Mention the contribution of print media as the evocative role in the discovery-invention of new machines and objects?
Ans. There were published dozen of scientific journals and papers of scientific societies in Britain during 1760-1800.
Q 32 – Tell something specific about inventors of machines in Britain.
Ans. John Kay and James Hargreaves were skilled in weaving and carpentry, Richard Arkwright was a barber and wig maker, Samuel Crompton was unskilled in technology and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine, and agriculture but known little of mechanics.
Q 33 – Do you think a zeal for the invention can gather all means in due time?
Ans. Yes, because the wealth in the form of goods, income, services, knowledge, and productive efficiency combinedly grow with the pace of growth and a trance on the invention of the things of utility for mankind.
Q 34 – What were the percussions of the growth of cities in England from two in 1750 to twenty-nine in 1850?
Ans. It exerted pressure on adequate housing, sanitation, or clean water for the population so increased. Thus, cities became dirty and unhygienic places.
Q 35 – What is the averment of Edward Carpenter on city life?
Ans. He states that the city became gloomy and restless as if the people there are thrust into the gates of hell. There is a cluster of chimneys, emission of noxious smoke out from them. He further says that capitalist owners are prosperous while the factory workers are in piteous and critical condition.
Q 36 – What were the ill-effects of industries?
Ans.
- The life expectancy of the workforce was reduced.
- People died at a younger age.
- Children failed to survive beyond the age of five.
- Air and water pollution brought epidemics like Cholera and Typhoid.
- There was a lack of health services in factory areas.
Q 37 – Why were women and children compelled to work in factories?
Ans. Owing to the use of machines, there were unemployment conditions increasing. The supply of labor was higher than the demand. v Owing to this, wages were not enough to sustain family expenses. Hence, women and children had to supplement the men’s meager wages. Again, the owners of factories preferred to employ women and children because they tolerated poor working conditions and accepted lower wages than men.
Q 38 – What machine was designed to be used by child workers?
Ans. It was a cotton spinning journey by James Hargreaves.
Q 39 – Why were coal mines considered dangerous places?
Ans.
- The workers had to crawl through narrow passages with heavy loads of coal on their backs.
- Children were used to reaching deep coal faces.
- They had to dig mines by sitting on their knees.
- It was a gaseous chamber where an explosion was day to day feature.
- The coal dust and the presence of carbon-monoxide killed many workers in stifling/suffocation.
Q 40 – Do you think the increase in financial independence of women by virtue of their working in factories endowed them with happier life?
Ans. No, because owing to an emotional breakdown, tensions, and fatigue due to humiliating terms of work, they would either lost their children at birth or in early childhood and compelled to live in squalid urban slums.
Q 41 – What were the repressive actions by the British Government to demands of political rights made by the factory workers?
Ans. The British Government passed two combination Acts in 1795 and Corn Laws supported by landowners, manufacturers and professionals i.e. members of Parliament. They did not like giving workers political rights and making working conditions congenial in factories.
Q 42 – What did the workers do in protest to the British Government?
Ans. They went on strike and destroyed the power looms, resisted the introduction of machines in the wool knitting industry, and smashed the new threshing machines.
Q 43 – What was Luddism and what were its demands?
Ans. It was a movement led by General Ned Ludel, a prominent leader of factory workers. Its demands were-
- To get minimum wages fixed by the government,
- Prevent child and women labor,
- Give work to the people retrenched due to installation of machines,
- Give the right to form trade unions.
Q 44 – What had happened to a peaceful demonstration of as many as nineteen crore workers at St. Peter’s Fields in Manchester?
Ans. They were brutally massacred and the Parliament passed six Acts the same year which denied the workers their demands of the political right, right to hold public meetings, and freedom of the press.
Q 45 – How did the reforms take place through laws?
Ans. Initially, laws were passed in 1819 banning the employment of children below nine in factories and fixing 12 hours a day for children between the age of nine and sixteen. However, these were not implemented. Under the Act of 1833, children below nine can be employed only in silk factories, fixed hours of working for children above nine and created the posts of inspectors to ensure implementation. Finally, the Ten Hours Bill was passed and it limited the hours of work for women and children and secured to (ten) hours a day for male workers.
Q 46 – What did the Mines and Collieries Act, 1842 and Fielder’s Factory Act, 1847 do for people working in mines of Britain?
Ans. The Act of 1842 banned children under ten and women from working underground in the mine. The Act of 1847 fixed 10. hours a day for children under eighteen and women. Inspectors were appointed to ensure its implementation but they were bribed by factory managers and this Act too could not see proper implementation.
Q 47 – Do you think it is good to say Britain’s process of industrialization, a revolution?
Ans. The term revolution denotes any sudden or drastic change in any of the pattern of work or in society but we see that it took more than forty years (i.e. 1780-1820) to spread in selected cities like London, Manchester and Birmingham rather than throughout Britain. Hence, we do not agree with that logic.
Q 48 – What are the conditions that denote industrialization?
Ans.
- The condition at when the investment gives way to rapid capital formation.
- When new machines are installed.
- When infrastructure is built.
- When these facilities are used efficiently and
- When productivity is raised.
Q 49 – What were the hindrances faced by Britain during 1760-1815 in her way to industrialization?
Ans. It was due to the bifurcation of the mind simultaneously in two directions. The first was to industrialize and the. other to defend Britain in wars against Europe, North America, and India. It is noticeable that Britain had to trapped in wars for up to 36 years continuously.
Q 50 – What period had A.E. Musson, a historian had recommended worth saying Industrial Revolution?
Ans. It was the period between 1850-1914 as it transformed the whole economy of Britain and the society much more widely and deeply than the earlier changes had done.