Q 1 – Why was China a source of Culture and ideals to Japan?
Ans. It was because of China’s being a large nation and Japan, a small island country, and the proximity of both nations brought in perpetual intercourse of cultures.
Q 2 – Why did the Chinese react slowly?
Ans. They found difficulties in redefining their traditions to cope with the modem world, in rebuilding its national strength, and in winning freedom from British and Japanese rule.
Q 3 – What did the Chinese leaders feel by the end of the 1970s?
Ans. They felt the ideological system was retarding economic growth and development.
Q 4 – When did a more democratic political system begin in Japan?
Ans. It was just after the US occupation which enabled Japan to emerge as a major economic power by the decade of 1970.
Q 5 – Who is considered the greatest historian of early China?
Ans. It was Sima Qian (145-90 BCE).
Q 6 – Why did the Meiji Government in Japan appoint a bureau in 1869?
Ans. It was appointed for the collection of records and to write a victor’s version of the Meiji Restoration.
Q 7 – Mention the range of written material found in Japan?
Ans. It is in the form of official histories, scholarly writings, literature, and religious books.
Q 8 – Write the names of historians famous in China and Japan.
Ans. These were-
- Kume Kunitake,
- Marco Polo,
- Mateo Ricci (Jesuit Priest) and Luis Frois. These were written in Chinese.
Q 9 – What is a physical contest between China and Japan?
Ans. China is a vast continental country while Japan is a string of islands. China is having stable landforms while Japan is a country vulnerable to earthquakes. China has three river systems while Japan has no such drainage system. China has several nationalities i.e. Uighur, Hui, Manchu, and Tibetan but Japan has a single majority of Japanese.
Q 10 – What kind of regional diversity in Chinese food is seen?
Ans. Chinese food is in variety. Generally, there are four types / of dishes:-
- Cantonese Cuisine,
- Staple food like wheat,
- Fiery Cuisine and
- Rice and wheat.
Q 11 – Write the names of four large islands forming Japan?
Ans.
- Honshu,
- Kyushu,
- Shikoku and
- Hokkaido
Q 12 – Who had held the position of Shogun in Japan and when?
Ans. The members of the Tokugawa family held the position of Shogun (regent) from 1603 to 1867 in Japan.
Q 13 – Who was Samurai?
Ans. It was the warrior class who served the Shoguns and Daimyo (the ruler of a domain).
Q 14 – Which measure had proved good to check frequent Chaos within Japan?
Ans. Earlier, the farmers had to participate in defense sendees hence, arms were supplied to them by the administration. However, those arms and weapons were used in internal conflicts. The peasantry ’ was disarmed and it proved non-repetition of those internal clashes ‘ and conflicts
Q 15 – What was the achievement of Japan by the mid-seventeenth century?
Ans. Japan had grown in the three most populated and vast cities viz. Edo (Presently Tokyo), Osaka, and Kyoto.
Q 16 – How can you state that Japan achieved economic growth during the regime of Shoguns?
Ans. It is because
- Silk Industry was developed in Nishijin,
- Use of money increased,
- The stock market in rice created,
- Theatres and movies established,
- Books were published.
Q 17 – What does the Tale of Genji reveal?
Ans. It reveals that Japanese culture was more ancient or older than that of Chinese. It was a fictionalized diary written by Murasaki Shikibu.
Q 18 – What is assumed about the origin of Japan?
Ans. It was assumed that Japan was created by God and its emperor was a descendant of the Sun goddess.
Q 19 – Why would the USA have seen Japan as a major market?
Ans. It was because Japan falls on the route to China.
Q 20 – Describe the commotion created in Japan when China, was defeated by the British?
Ans. The news of China’s subordination by the British generated, a wave of fear among the Japanese. They sent some people to Europe to study Imperialism and its strategies.
- They were ready to adopt
- Modern military force was developed.
- The legal system for political groups, public gatherings, and scrutiny of all affairs.
- Japanese students were sent abroad to develop their technical know-how in the institutions there.
- Subsidies and tax benefits are given to shipbuilding companies.
Q 21 – Why did the Meiji Government face opposition?
Ans. It was because the military and bureaucracy were kept outside the Constitution. Hence, these organs of government began to give stiff opposition.
Q 22 – What acts did exhibit the modernization of the Japanese economy?
Ans.
- Agriculture tax was imposed for capital-formation.
- Railway line laid between Tokyo and Yokohama.
- Textile machinery was imported from Europe and foreign technicians were appointed in order to impart education in technology.
- Japanese students were sent abroad to develop their technical know-how in the institutions there.
- Subsidies and tax benefits are given to shipbuilding companies.
Q 23 – What measures did the government of Japan adopt for the reduction Of population pressure?
Ans.
- Allowed migration to Hokkaido (an island), Hawaii, and Brazil.
- Launched war-campaigns to establish colonies in other countries.
Q 24 – Mention the pace of population increase in Japanese cities during 1925-1935?
Ans. It was 21 percent of the total population in 1925 but within a span of a single decade, it increased to 32 percent (22.5 million) in 1935.
Q 25 – Write the series of increases in the number of factories in Japan between 1909 to 1940.
Ans. A number of factories employing more than one hundred workers-was 1,000 in 1909 spurt up to 2,000 by 1920, 4,000 by 1930, and 5,50,000 by 1940.
Q 26 – Mention the main characteristics of the Meiji Constitution?
Ans.
- It was based on a restricted franchise.
- Parliament (Diet) was not given wider powers/
Q 27 – Who was Tanaka Shozo and why is he so popular in Japan’s politics?
Ans.
- He participated in the Popular Rights Movement in 1880.
- He was elected member of the first Diet (Parliament).
- He forced the in charge of The Ashio Mine to use – pollution-control devices in order to protect the Watarase river from pollution
Q 28 – What were the major background factors responsible for the strengthening of the military and expansion of Japan’s colonial empire?
Ans. These were-
- The Army and Navy were given independent control,
- Services as generals and admirals in the past were made a condition to become a minister,
- Higher Taxes imposed to compensate for the expenditure on defense.
Q 29 – Who was Fukuzawa Yukichi?
Ans. He was a leading Meiji intellectual who advocated westernization for Japan. He was from Samurai (warrior) family. He had established Keio University and served as a translator for the first Japanese embassy to the U.S.A. He promoted western learning.
Q 30 – Who was opposite to the complete westernization of Japan in line with the USA and Western European countries?
Ans. Those learned people were-Miyake set Suri and Ueki Emon, a leader of the Popular Rights Movement. They were demanding a constitutional Government. Their statements were” To devote oneself to one’s country is to devote oneself to the world.” “Japan should be based not on the military but on democracy. ”
Q 31 – What were the effects observed in Japanese society with the adoption of modernization?
Ans. These effects were-
- Joint family system dissolved and nuclear family system preferred,
- Demand for housing, consumer goods, domestic appliances, etc. increased and industries concerned had prospered,
- New forms of travel (trams line) developed, Departmental stores opened and public parks were opened,
- Radio Station opened, movies began to be made and traditional norms gradually disappeared.
Q 32 – How had Nishitani Keiji defined the term “Modem”?
Ans. This term was defined as the unity of three streams of Western thought-
- the Renaissance,
- The Protestant Reformation and
- The rise of natural sciences.
Q 33 – Why did Nishitani Keiji state Japan’s moral energy helpful to escape colonization?
Ans. Japan’s moral energy was nothing else but her strong faith in indigenous norms of society. She studied western culture, strategies, policies, and manners of living but adopted only useful in the situations of Japan. He further says that a fine blend of science and religion will help her in establishing a greater East Asia.
Q 34 – What was discussed in Japan in a symposium on “Overcoming Modernity” in 1943?
Ans. The measures decided were pertaining to modernize with tools taken from Western Countries but apply them consciously and cautiously on Japanese land viz. affirming with the real situations in Japan.
Q 35 – How could England gather the courage to force the opium trade in China?
Ans. England had pre-planned in the 16th and 17th centuries when missionaries were sent to China. They collected information on the weaknesses of China and reported them to their country. On the basis of it, England could gather the courage to challenge China in the opium war which had run continuously for three years i.e. 1839-1842.
Q 36 – What style of the opium trade was adopted by the British?
Ans. Opium was collected by East India Company and issued a letter of credit to her agent against the payment, they had received ‘ in China and the silver was used to buy tea, silk, and porcelain for export in Britain. It was a triangular trade between Britain, India, and China.
Q 37 – What did Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao realize in respect of the developments in China?
Ans. In order to protect China from colonization, they felt the need for a modem administrative system, a new army, and educated. system and setting-up of local assemblies to establish constitutional government.
Q 38 – Do you think modernization can be brought in personality, in ways of thinking, in appearance, in behavioral pattern, etc. merely by direct copying siblings, great men, etc? Discuss.
Ans. When we see, the children taught by a single teacher, appear with different portfolios in their youth, any society maker should not think that his speech/action and temperament are equally accepted by all the populace amid which he is heard, behaved, and faced. Modernization in western countries should be first studied from electronic and print media and observed with its common reflection on the masses and the thorough cycle of study not less than a decade and situations at one’s home, village, town, and a country’s worth reminiscence or worth recollection. An introspection and review comparative are then made before framing generalization and riding at the stair of conclusion.
Q 39 – Why do you think Japan is progressing?
Ans. Each progress stands on degrees to the existing systems. It depends on the adoption of that change, to what extent observation is made, experiments/trials are done and its generalization X-rayed. Japan is an export country brimmed with actual intellectual property, not pseudo stifling minds, hence, tangible progress of Japan is owed to that intangible property, she had. We can highlight some tangible attitudes of Japan as under-
- apan cooked the bread of her modernization program on the heat of Imperial powers galloping and gobbling the sovereignty of countries like China and India, both her neighbors. It was the challenge where she had to make her way to keep its sovereignty intact.
- It proceeded on sending students abroad, promoting an atmosphere of reading-habits, setting-up up libraries, licensing associations, symposiums, seminars, summits frequently, and allowing the press to come for public awareness.
- Japanese ancient literature, remains, scriptures, etc. were made subject to the curriculum for schools and colleges.
- Give special emphasis on industrialization with Research and Development infrastructure made available. Science and technology began to be taught by experts from abroad. Thus, Japan had arranged the men, machines, and means with skilled enterprise, hence, she is duly progressing.
Q 40 – Why did the Guomindang fail in China?
Ans.
- Its base was confined to the urban population and never raised the issues pertaining to the common masses.
- Its political vision was very limited as Chian-Kai-Shek wanted his rule in China. His visit to Taiwan and the Constitution of the Republic of China there is all apparent.
- It favored military campaigns against foreigners as also against CPP who was also dedicated to win freedom for China and modernize her. It reveals the narrow-mindedness of Guomindong under Chiang-kai- Shek.
- It sought military rule for China which was never possible in the prime of democracy.
- It never took positively, the women’s cause. It instead, made some stiff rules for women and favored their confinement within four walls of the house.