Q 1 – Mention the period in which settlement of more and more towns took place.
Ans. It was the period starting from the fourteenth century and resting at the end of the seventeenth century.
Q 2 – Tell the forms of material on European History?
Ans. The material on the history of Europe since the fourteenth century is found in the form of documents, printed books, paintings, sculptures, buildings, and textiles.
Q 3 – Who has first given the term “Renaissance” to the cultural changes in Europe during the fourteenth to the seventeenth century?
Ans. It was a scholar of nineteenth-century Jacob Burckhardt, Professor, the University of Basle in Switzerland.
Q 4 – What was the approach of the German historian, Leopold Von Ranke on an approach of a historian should be?
Ans. The historian should first collect documents from Government Depts. and give priority to writing about states and politics.
Q 5 – What was the view of Jacob Burckhardt?
Ans. He understood politics is not the limit of history writing. It is as much concerned with culture as with politics viz. these must hang in balance.
Q 6 – Mention the name of the book composed by Jacob?
Ans. It was “The Civilization of the Renaissance In Italy”.
Q 7 – What other names can you suggest to the renaissance there?
Ans. It may be a change in the concept of humanity because the culture was then understood as humanity consisting of subjects like grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy. The term humanist was considered as the master for teaching these subjects.
Q 8 – What will you say the virgin rise of a renaissance in Italy?
Ans. It is ascribed to its location where ports were en route to Western Europe (Spain, England, etc.), Central, East, and South Asia as also South Africa. The incessant movement of people from varied traditions and cultures thus naturally educated the Italians. Islam’s drive to create a common civilization, Eastern Europe being ruled by the Byzantine empire, reshaping a feudal bond in Western Europe all were added to trade ties and Italy took the maximum benefit of this situation by increasing the number of towns there.
Q 9 – Write some characteristics of Venice and Genoa cities?
Ans.
- These were independent city States.
- Venice was a republic.
- These cities were different from other parts of Europe.
- These were governed by assistance from wealthy merchants and bankers.
- The idea of citizenship sprouted on a surface in these cities.
Q 10 – When was humanism adopted in the curriculum of universities in Italy?
Ans. It was during the fourteenth century when humanism as a college subject was accepted in the curriculum.
Q 11 – In what context, the law became a subject of study?
Ans. Initially, its scope was confined to courts and notaries (a combination of solicitor and record keeper) but shifted later-on to read in the context of earlier Roman Culture.
Q 12 – Who had labeled culture as humanism?
Ans. It was by nineteenth-century historians.
Q 13 – What Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola had written on the significance of debate?
Ans. In this book-“On The Dignity Of Man, Mirandola had mentioned that for the attainment of the knowledge of the truth, it is a debate that energizes the mind for stronger and more vigorous.
Q 14 – Mention the period of the middle ages/medieval period in the history of Europe?
Ans. It was considered a period of millennium i.e. thousand years from the fifth century to the fourteenth century. This period of thousand years had been further divided into the Dark Ages, The Early Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages respectively. The dark age had set in after the collapse of the Roman Empire i.e. a period of 500 years. The Early Middle Ages is the period of 200 years and it is that of 300 years when we talk about the Late Middle Ages.
Q 14 – Do you accede to the majority view of scholars that naming Dark Ages to the period of 500 years is not good?
Ans. Yes, because this way we neglect the inner stimuli which took so long period to its manifestation. Such classification or taxonomy merely on the basis of perception cannot be said well in my opinion. Instead, this period can be stated as Gestation Age.
Q 15 – Do you think the church could rule in the garb of the feudal system i.e. vassalage only because clergy i.e. the first order had perused the books written in Greek and Roman languages?
Ans. Yes, it was true. The books composed during the Greek and – Roman Empire had several tips on the organization of the society and ruling multi-linguistic masses in all accommodated vast empires. The clergy could extract a new formula of ruling through vassalage from the said literature on politics.
Q 16 – What do you understand by classical architecture?
Ans. During this period in question, Roman history was read and remains were dug up by archeologists. It inspired a new style of architecture viz a revival of the Imperial Roman Style. It was called classical architecture.
Q 17 – Why is Michelangallo Buonarroti famous ?
Ans. It is because of his being alone expert equally in painting, sculpture, and designer. He painted the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel for the Pope, the sculpture known as the Pieta in which Mary had been shown holding the body of Jesus and he had also designed the Duomo of Florence City.
Q 18 – When were the classical texts printed in Italy?
Ans. It was by 1500 CE, the texts in Latin had been printed in Italy.
Q 19 – What had the students in universities to do prior to printing started?
Ans. They had to read a few handwritten copies or text in the manuscript. These were insufficient to make available every student a copy of that text.
Q 20 – Why according to Machiavelli all men are bad and ever ready to display their vicious nature?
Ans. Such was because human desires are insatiable and he is motivated to every fair and unfair means to meet them. It is human, weakness and causes due to unbridled mind.
Q 21 – What is human nature according to Niccolo Machiavelli?
Ans. Human nature is a repository of positive and negative properties. The positive is praised while the negative is condemned „ by the society. The positive qualities are-Generosity, benediction, compassion, grasping while negatives are-misery, narrow¬mindedness, selfishness, hate, and cruelty.
Q 22 – What had been opined by Leon Batista Alberti on, architecture?
Ans. He had written that an architect in his view is that 5 professional who gets moved weights, beautifully fixed or assembled ‘ them and amassed bodies (structure) by the varied skilled and unskilled people and the same is used by mankind for shelter. His expertise in completing structure by units makes him immortal.
Q 23 – What was the women’s status in business families?
Ans. The women used to co-operate with their husbands in every bit of their businesses. In families of merchants and bankers, wives looked after the businesses when the male members were away at work.
Q 24 – What are the thoughts of Balthasar Castiglione expressed in her The Courtier?
Ans. She has defined the potentials of men and women and suggested women bear certain soft and delicate tenderness with an air of feminine sweetness in all their gestures and actions whatever they do.
Q 25 – What virtues does Castiglione think equally necessary for both men and women?
Ans. These are-to shun affectation, to be naturally graceful, to be well mannered, clever and prudent, to be neither proud, envious or evil tongued, nor vain-to perform well and gracefully, the sports suitable for women.
Q 26 – Which factors or infrastructures linked Italian towns and courts with the world beyond?
Ans. These were-
- Trade and Travel,
- Military Conquests and
- Diplomatic contacts.
Q 27 – What changes in the approach of the Church were brought by the students of Universities in north Europe?
Ans. They called on Christians to practice religion in the way laid down in the ancient texts of their religion and undue rituals should be discarded. They told these additions to ancient religion as dirty patches.
Q 28 – What evil practices were brought to light by Thomas More prevailing as per him in Christian society?
Ans. The Christian would commit an offense and then receive indulgence through clergy as propagated that surrender to clergy would make the man free from sins so committed.
Q 29 – What good did the translated versions of the Bible in local languages do to society?
Ans, It enables all people to understand that sins bring adversity in the life of man and indulgence through the blessing of the clergy can do nothing in protection from their evil consequences. They should, therefore, never commit any offense.
Q 30 – What did humanist leaders tell the princes?
Ans. They told that Donation of Constantine i.e. the document giving judicial and fiscal powers to Clergy was originally issued by the Roman emperor but later on forged by the Churchmen. Hence, they should and can withdraw that power from the Church.
Q 31 – What were the keywords in the Protestant Reformation movement and who was its leader?
Ans.
- A person has not required to priest in order to establish contact with God.
- It is faith that guides people to the right Life and entry into Heaven or Salvation. Its leader was a young German monk, Martin Luther.
Q 32 – What was the approach to Salvation expressed by German reformers i.e. Anabaptists?
Ans. They told that Salvation can be attained only when all kinds of social oppression is ended. They told the masses that God has created all people as equal and they are not expected to pay taxes and had the right to choose their priests.
Q 33 – What did William Tyndale say in favor of Protestantism?
Ans. He stated that the clergy, with a view to maintaining their authority above the King and even above God himself; had forged the process, order, and meaning of the ancient texts particularly because it was in Greek and Latin, not accessible to the common people. He, therefore, intended to translate Bible into the mother tongue in order to lead the mass with real light.
Q 34 – Do you say Luther’s movement was a supporter of radicalism?
Ans. No, his views were moderate. However, radicalism had merged with the Protestant movement and started claiming the right of people to remove an oppressive ruler and to choose someone of their own liking.
Q 35 – What development did take place in England by virtue of the Protestant Movement?
Ans.
- The rulers ended the connection with the Pope.
- The King was considered the head of the Church.
Q 36 – What was the belief of Christians about the earth?
Ans. They believed that the earth was a sinful place and the heavy r burden of sin made it immobile. It stands at the center of the Universe around which moved the celestial planets.
Q 37 – What declaration about earth did Copernicus, a scientist make?
Ans. Copernicus rebutted the elusive belief of Christian society about the earth and told that the earth including other heavenly bodies rotate around the Sun.
Q 38 – Why did Copernicus leave his manuscript “De RevolutionibUs (The rotation) unpublished till his death?
Ans. Copernicus was afraid of the possible reaction to his theory by orthodox or traditionalist Clergymen. This theory was just opposite to their traditional views that the earth is immovable because of the heavy burden of sin as it was defined as a sinful place.
Q 39 – Who had made popular the theory of the earth as part of the Solar System?
Ans. It was an astronomer Johannes Kepler who in his Cosmo graphical Mystery demonstrated that the planets move around the sun not in a circle but in ellipses.
Q 40 – Who had established the knowledge as distinct from belief?
Ans. It was Galileo of Italy who told that knowledge is based on observation and experiments viz. scientific process is required to know the things in their real forms. He further told that beliefs are based on hearsay, myth, concoction, and conjecture always untrue hence, bar the path of Knowledge with illusions.
Q 41 – What percussions do you see when Galileo told the scientific process can only lead to knowledge about one and all things?
Ans. Its percussions were seen in the form of the genesis of Physics, Chemistry, Zoology and Botony, etc. branches of natural sciences.
Q 42 – Mention the names of institutions opened for the promotion of natural knowledge?
Ans. These were-The Paris Academy (1670) and Royal Society, London (1662). These institutions held lectures and experiments for public viewing.
Q 43 – Is it good to state Renaissance as a period of dynamism and artistic creativity while the Middle ages as a period of gloom and lack of development?
Ans. No, we can not state likewise because it would mere perception and not a thorough study of the cause that took birth during the Middle ages. Italy is understood as the first place which gave birth to the renaissance where it can be traced back to the twelfth and thirteenth century when it was observing and analyzing the universal color of culture, people, occupations, etc. from its ports.
Q 44 – Which things had to widen the horizon of European skill?
Ans. These were-
- Classical consideration of Rome and Greece.
- Archeological discoveries,
- new techniques of navigation,
- the expansion of Islam and the Mongol conquests,
- opportunity to learn from India, Arabia, Iran, Central Asia, and China.
Q 45 – What was the important change that took place during the renaissance?
Ans. It was the separation of the private and public spheres of Life. As, per this change, the public sphere was meant by the area of Government and of formal religion while the private sphere was confined to the family and personal religion. Thus, a man was not simply a member of one of the three orders but he was also a person in his own right. It later- on brought the sense of equal political rights to all individuals.
Q 46 – What impact of the renaissance was seen in Europe?
Ans. Europe was divided or dissolved into states on a linguistic basis viz. A common language of a region declared itself as an independent state in Europe.
Q 47 – Mention the names of women intellectually creative during the period of the renaissance in Europe.
Ans. The women like Cassandra Fedele and Marchesa Isabella state were educated in Latin and Greek. Fedele proved that women can also become a humanist scholar and requested every woman to: acquire humanist education. She said-Even though the study of letters promises and offers no reward for women and no dignity, every woman ought to seek and embrace these studies. Her writings bring into focus the> general regard for education in that, age.
Another Lady Isabella Este ruled the state whole her husband. was absent and the court of Mantua was framed for its intellectual brilliance.
Q 48 – Discuss the underlying principle presumptions constituting independent city-states in Italy.
Ans. The Government in those city-states was of democratic type as the Government of Venice city was a republic. Some others were court-cities ruled by princes. Underlying principles of constituting these city-states can be summed up as under-
- It was an institution of Common Wealth. It was the supreme authority of the city-State through the Council.
- There was a Council constituted by members, all gentlemen of the city who had attained the age of 25 years.
Q 49 – What do you understand by Private and Public spheres of Life? Explain.
Ans. The private sphere of life is consisting of the family and personal religion while the public sphere meant the area of government and of formal religion. These two spheres became separate during the period between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. An individual was not simply a member of one of the three orders but he was also a person in his own right. He was not just a member of the guild but he was known for himself. It subsequently became a basis for the principle that all individuals had equal political rights.
Q 50 – Locate Venice on the map of Italy and look at G.Bellni’s paintings. How would you describe the city and in what ways was it different from a Catherdral town?
Ans. Venice is in the vicinity of Padua where a university was set up in Italy. This city is on the coast side of the Adriatic sea. As we see in the painting made by G. Bellini under the title-“The Recovery Of The Relic Of The Holy Cross”, there were multi-story buildings duly ventilated as we observe a number of windows around them. There are chimney-like structures in every building. We see roads and lakes between the rows of these buildings. There were ponds, well decorated on which boats had been rowed. People used to gather around the ponds and enjoy rowing, squatting, and discussing their day-to-day businesses. Here we see no market place in the lanes or streets passing between the buildings.
Cathedral towns were settled on the ruins of the towns of the Roman Empire. These Cathedrals were built by Churches from the money contributed by rich merchants. Actually, large Churches belonging to Monasteries were called Cathedrals. The area around … these Cathedrals became popular because they had become the center of pilgrimage. Gradually, grand towns were settled around these – churches. There was a town square, a church, roads where merchants built shops and homes, an office or auditorium where the people. governing the town could meet and discuss the issues. There was high sense constructed around these towns with several gates for entrance and exit. There were parks, shady trees, playgrounds, and bridges to cross the ditch which was dug for defense around these towns.