Q 1. Name three human inputs that control the location of industries?
The human inputs that control the location of industries are:-
(i) Labour (ii) Market (iii) Transport.
Q 2. Name four important cotton textile centers of Maharashtra?
(i) Mumbai (ii) Sholapur (iii) Nagpur (iv) Pune.
Q 3. Name the two most important sugar-producing states of India?
(i) Uttar Pradesh (ii) Maharashtra.
Q 4. Name five electronic goods-producing centers of India?
Electronic goods-producing centers are:-
(i) Chennai (ii) Hyderabad (iii) Mumbai (iv) Kolkata (v) Delhi.
Q 5. Name four industries causing water pollution?
The industries causing water pollution are:-
(i) Textiles (ii) Tannery (iii) Petroleum (iv) Paper pulp
Q 6. Differentiate between Agro-based Industries and Mineral-based Industries?
Q 7. State the importance and distribution of the Aluminium industry?
In India, Aluminium smelting is the second largest industry. It is flexible, a good conductor of heat and electricity, and hence is a universally accepted metal for a large number of industries. It is widely used as a substitute for copper, zinc, lead, and steel.
- Distribution: – Eight (8) industrial plants are located in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh.
Q 8. Classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are they different from one another? Explain with examples.
On the basis of capital investment, the industries are classified into small scale industries and large scale industries.
- The maximum investment in small scale industry is upto 1 crore, e.g., toy industry.
- If the investment is more than one crore rupees, then it is known as large scale industry, e.g., iron and steel industry.
Q 9. “The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain”. Justify the statement.
The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e. from raw materials to the highest value-added products.
The statement can be justified as follows:
- Textile industry is dependent on agriculture and provides jobs to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dying, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demand support industries like dyeing.
- It contributes significantly to industrial production. India has world-class production in spinning and capable of using all the fibers that are produced.
- Textile industry has been a major foreign exchange earner with increase in foreign trade across the world.
- It contributes significantly to the National GDP.
Q 10. Classify industries on the basis of the source of raw material. How are they different from each other?
On the basis of the sources of raw materials used industries are classified into agro-based industries eg. cotton, silk, rubber, tea, etc., and mineral-based industries, e.g., iron and steel, cement, etc.
They are different from each other in the following ways:
- Agro based industries are based on agricultural raw materials, e.g. cotton, wool, sugarcane etc. Mineral based industries use minerals and metals as raw materials e.g. iron ore, bauxite etc.
- Agro based industries depend on manufacturing industries for machinery, tools and implements. On the other hand, mineral based industries feed manufacturing industries.
Q 11. India is an important iron and steel-producing country in the world. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential”. Suggest and explain any three measures to get the full potential.
The following measures can enable us to perform to our full potential:
- Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment can encourage our entrepreneurs to boost production.
- Resources need to be allocated for research and development to add up steel production.
- Apart from this regular supply of coking coal and electricity has to be dealt with.
- Productivity of labour needs to be increased through proper training.
- Efficient system of roadways and railways has to be maintained for quick delivery of raw material and finished goods.
- Moreover domestic demand of iron and steel has to be increased
Q 12. Classify industries on the basis of their main role. How are they different from each other?
According to their main role the industries are classified as:
- Basic or key industries. These industries supply their raw materials to manufacture other goods, e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting etc.
- Consumer industries. These industries produce goods for direct consumption by consumers, e.g., sugar, fans paper, toothpaste, etc.
Q 13. “The economic strength of the country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries”. Support the statement with arguments.
The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
- Industries create a variety of goods and thus reduce the dependence of people on agriculture and contributes to modernisation of agriculture.
- Industrial development helps to reduce unemployment and poverty levels by initiating income and high standard of living.
- Export of manufactured goods add value to the economy. It expands trade and commerce and brings to foreign exchange.
- Industries utilize primary materials and convert them into articles of utility, thus adding value to the raw materials.
- Countries that transform their raw material into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in diversifying its manufacturing industries
Q 14. Why are sugar mills concentrated in sugarcane producing areas? Explain any three problems faced by the sugar industry in India.
The sugar industries are concentrated in the sugar-producing areas because the raw materials (sugarcane) used by this industry is bulky. To reduce the cost of transporting sugarcane to sugar industries, they are concentrated in sugarcane producing areas.
The three problems faced by the sugar industry in India are:
- Old and inefficient methods of production
- Delay in transporting sugarcane to the factories
- The need to make maximum use of baggage.
- Above all seasonal nature of the industry is also a major issue
Q 15. Why is the ‘least cost’ known as a decision-making factor for the ideal location of an industry?
The least cost is the key factor that determines the location of an industry because the industry tends to be located at a place where factors of production are either available or can be arranged at low cost.
Q 16. Why has the ‘National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council’ been set up?
National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with the objective of appropriate policy intervention by the Government and renewed efforts by the industry to improve productivity and achieve its target over the next decade.
Q 17. Which two prime factors are important for the location of the ‘Aluminium Smelting’ industry?
The two prime factors for the location of aluminum smelting industry are:
- Regular and cheap supply of electricity.
- Assured supply of raw material at minimum cost
Q 18. “Agriculture gives a boost to the industrial sector.” Support the statement with arguments.
- Agriculture boosts the industrial sector by providing raw materials to agro-based industries.
- It depends on industries for irrigations pumps, machines, and tools thus providing industries to set up production units.
- Agriculture allows industries to make the production processes efficient.
Q 19. Why has the ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’ the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? Analyze the reasons
The Chhotanagpur region has the maximum concentration of the Iron and Steel industry due to various locational advantages.
- Iron and Steel industry requires, coal, limestone and manganese which are available in close proximity to the region.
- Availability of cheap labour from adjoining states of Bihar, West Bengal and Odisha.
- The region is well connected with good network of roads and railways.
- Nearness to huge market for iron and steel goods.
- Nearness to the port of Kolkata provides market, financial services, consultancy services, insurance and export of iron and steel goods.
- The rivers provide the cheapest inland water transport for iron and steel goods.
Hence there is maximum concentration of iron and steel plants like Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Burnpur, Bokaro and Rourkela in the Chhotanagpur region.
Q 20. Describe three major problems faced by the weaving and processing sectors in the cotton textile industry.
The three major problems faced by the weaving and processing sectors in the cotton textile industry are:
- Most of the production is carried out in fragmented small units.
- Power supply is erratic in nature.
- Machinery used by the weavers is outdated.
- The labour has low productivity.
- Textile industry faces stiff competition from synthetic fibre industry.
- Much of the high quality yarn is not used by our weavers as it is exported.
Q 21. “Textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy.” Support the statement with appropriate arguments.
The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy because:
- It contributes 14% of industrial production.
- It has generated employment to 35 million people directly which is the second largest next to agriculture.
- It has contributed to 24.6% of foreign exchange earnings.
- It contributes to 4% of GDP.
- It is the only industry in Indian which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.
Q 22. Explain any five factors affecting the location of an industry.
The following factors affect the location of an industry:
- Availability of raw materials: Close proximity to raw material, regular supply at cheap cost are of utmost significance, e.g., concentration of heavy industries in Chhattisgarh.
- Labour: Modern industry requires both skilled and unskilled labour at low cost. It also determines the location of industry, e.g., cotton textile industry in Maharashtra.
- Capital: Industries are capital intensive. Banks and other financial institutions, insurance etc. play an important role in setting up production units.
- Power: All production units depend on one or other sources of power like coal, oil, gas etc. Regular and cheap supply of power is required to keep industries operational, e.g., iron and steel industries near Raniganj and Jharia coal fields.
- Market: Goods manufactured need to be sold in the market to maintain the demand and supply.
Q 23. What is the manufacturing sector? Why is it considered the backbone of development? Interpret the reason.
The manufacturing sector refers to the secondary sector of the economy which deals with the production of goods in large quantities with the help of machines, where raw materials are transformed into more valuable products. Manufacturing is considered as the backbone of economic development because:
- Manufacturing has contributed to modernisation of agriculture and reduced the dependency on agriculture by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
- It has helped in reducing the poverty and unemployment and aimed at reducing the regional disparities by setting up of industries in rural, backward and tribal areas.
- Export of industrial goods contributed to valuable foreign exchange earnings.
- It has added value to raw materials by converting them into finished goods.
- The prosperity of a nation depends upon the development and diversification of manufacturing. Thus, it has not only made India self-sufficient but more competitive in terms of international market.
- It brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
- Industry sector contributes substantially to GDP.
Q 24. Why was the cotton textile industry concentrated in the cotton-growing belt in the early years? Explain.
The cotton textile industry was mainly concentrated in the cotton-growing areas because of the following reasons:
- Abundant availability of raw cotton due to favourable climate and presence of black soil.
- Huge market for cotton textile in and around Mumbai.
- Well-developed means of transport including the port facilities in Mumbai.
- Cheap labour from the adjoining areas.
- Mild and moist climate is favourable for spinning the cotton yarn.
Q 25. Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources.
NTPC has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil, and gas in places where it is setting up power plants. The approaches are as follows:
- Optimum utilization of equipment by adopting latest techniques and up gradation of existing equipment.
- Minimizing waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
- Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
- Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
- Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.
Q 26. What is the manufacturing sector? Describe the four types of manufacturing sectors on the basis of ownership.
The manufacturing sector refers to the secondary sector of the economy that deals with the production of goods in large quantities with the help of a machine, which converts the raw materials into valuable products. On the basis of ownership, manufacturing is classified into four types:
- Public sector: Public sector industries are owned and run by government agencies like BHEL, SAIL etc.
- Private sector: Private sector industries are owned and run by individuals or a group of individuals. Example: TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.
- Joint sector: Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Example: OIL (Oil India Limited) is jointly owned by private and public sector.
- Cooperative sector: Cooperative sector industries are owned and run by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both or cooperative societies who pool their resources. They share the profit or loss proportionately, for example, sugar mills, coir industry and handloom textiles.
Q 27. Describe any five factors responsible for the concentration of jute mills along the banks of the Hugli river.
The five factors responsible for the location of jute mills along the Hugli basin are:
- Proximity or nearness to the jute producing areas.
- Inexpensive water transport.
- Good network of roadways, railways and waterways which helps in the movement of raw material to the mills.
- Availability of abundant water for processing of raw jute.
- Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
- Kolkata being a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
Q 28. Describe the three major problems faced by iron and steel industry in India.
Though India is an important producer of iron and steel, we are not able to perform to our full potential because of the following reasons:
- High cost and limited availability of coking coal.
- Labour engaged in production has low productivity.
- Irregular supply of electricity adds up to its problems of production.
- Technological development in iron and steel industries is less.
- Resource allocation for research and development in production of steel are comparatively very less.
Q 29. Explain any three objectives of the ‘National Jute Policy 2005’.
In 2005, the National Jute Policy was adopted with the aim of:
- Increasing productivity
- Growing better quality of jute
- Higher yield per hectare and better price for jute goods
Q 30. Classify industries on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods into two categories. Mention any two features of each category.
On the basis of bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods, industries can be classified into:
- Heavy industry such as iron and steel.
- Light industries that use light raw-materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.
Q 31. Classify industries into two categories on the basis of the source of raw material used. Mention two features of each category.
On the basis of sources of raw material used, industries are classified into:
- Agro-based industries: These are dependent on raw materials produced in the agricultural sector. These industries are labor-intensive.
- Mineral-based: These industries produce goods that are used in other industries. These industries are capital intensive.
Q 32. Explain any five measures to control industrial pollution in India.
Industries are responsible for four kinds of pollution-air, water, land, and noise pollution. Industrial pollution can be controlled by:
- Industries should be set up in distant areas away from human settlements.
- Minimize the use of water processing through reusing and recycling.
- Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
- Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators. Smoke can be reduced in factories by using gas or oil instead of coal.
- Machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Q 33. How do industries pollute water? Suggest any four measures to control water pollution.
- Water pollution is caused by the discharge of industrial effluents into the water bodies.
- Thermal pollution occurs when hot water from factories and thermal power plant is drained into rivers and ponds, before cooling. Aquatic life is affected by it.
- Rainwater percolates into the soil carrying pollutants to the ground and leading to contamination of ground water.
- The major industries causing water pollution are paper pulp, textile, chemical, tanneries, petroleum, refineries and electroplating industries give out dyes, detergent, acids, and salts, heavy metals like lead, synthetic chemicals, plastics and rubber. Fly ash phospogypsum and iron and steel slags are the solid wastes discharged into the water.
Measures to control water pollution are:
- Minimising the use of water by reusing or recycling it in two or more stages.
- Harvesting of rainwater to meet water needs.
- Treatment of industrial effluents and hot water before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
- Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industries should be minimised.
Q 34. What are light industries?
Industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries. Example: Industries manufacturing sewing machines and electric fans.
Q 35. “Manufacturing industry is considered the backbone of economic development of India.” Give three reasons.
The manufacturing sector refers to the secondary sector of the economy which deals with the production of goods in large quantities with the help of machines, where raw materials are transformed into more valuable products. Manufacturing is considered as the backbone of economic development because:
- Manufacturing has contributed to modernisation of agriculture and reduced the dependency on agriculture by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
- It has helped in reducing the poverty and unemployment and aimed at reducing the regional disparities by setting up of industries in rural, backward and tribal areas.
- Export of industrial goods contributed to valuable foreign exchange earnings.
- It has added value to raw materials by converting them into finished goods.
- The prosperity of a nation depends upon the development and diversification of manufacturing. Thus, it has not only made India self-sufficient but more competitive in terms of international market.
- It brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
Industry sector contributes substantially to GDP.
Q 36. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants?
Q 37. Examine the contribution of the manufacturing industry to the national economy.
Manufacturing industries contribute to the national economy in the following ways:
- Manufacturing industries contributes to about 17 per cent to GDP.
- Since 2003, industries have grown at the rate of 9-10 per cent per annum, thus providing employment.
- National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up to improve the productivity of the industries.
- They have reduced the dependence of people upon agriculture.
Q 38. Explain three phases in which treatment of industrial effluents can be done.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in the following ways:
Q 39. Explain any three characteristics of the chemical industry of India.
The characteristics of the chemical industries of India are as follows:
- Chemical industries in India are fast growing and diversifying.
- It contributes 3% of GDP approximately.
- It is 3rd largest in Asia and occupies the 12th place in the world in the terms of size.
- It contains both large scale and small scale manufacturing units.
- There has been a rapid growth in the manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals.
- Inorganic chemical industry is more widespread while organic chemical industry is located near oil refineries or petro-chemical plants.
Q 40. Name the industry which uses limestone as its main raw material.
The cement Iron and Steel industry use limestone as its main raw material.