Q 1. What has green revolution led to?
Ans. Increased food grain production.
Q 2. What has white revolution led to?
Ans. Increased production and more efficient management of milk.
Q 3. Name the two factors on which food security depends.
Ans. Availability of food and access to it.
Q 4. what should we do for a sustained livelihood?
Ans. We should adopt practices like mixed farming, intercropping and integrated farming practices.
Q 5. Which food items primarily supply proteins?
Ans. Pulses like gram, peas, lentils, etc.
Q 6. Name any two fodder crops.
Ans. Berseem and Sudan grass
Q 7. What are photoperiods related to?
Ans. Duration of sunlight
Q 8. What is the duration of kharif season?
Ans. From the month of June to October
Q 9. What is the duration of Rabi season?
Ans. From the month of November to April
Q 10. Name two kharif crops.
Ans. Paddy and maize
Q 11. Name two rabi crops.
Ans. Wheat and mustard
Q 12. Name the three stages in which farming practices are divided.
Ans.
- Choice of seeds
- Nurturing of crop plants, and
- Protection of the growing and harvested crops.
Q 13. What is the name given to crops obtained by introducing a gene that provides the desired characteristic?
Ans. Genetically modified crops
Q 14. Name any two factors for which crop variety improvement is done.
Ans. Higher yield and improved quality.
Q 15. How many nutrients are essential for plants?
Ans. Sixteen.
Q 16. What is FYM?
Ans. Farm Yard Manure
Q 17. Name a biopesticide.
Ans. Neem
Q 18. Why do droughts occur?
Ans. The scarcity or irregular distribution of rainfall causes droughts.
Q 19. What is the main benefit of mixed cropping?
Ans. It reduces production risk and gives insurance against failure of all the crops.
Q 20. Give an example of crops grown in two-year rotation.
Ans. Maize-potato-sugarcane-peas
Q 21. Which one has more fat content—egg or meat?
Ans. Egg (12 per cent)
Q 22. Name any two source of vitamin B2 and B12.
Ans. Milk and meat.
Q 23. What are milch animals?
Ans. Milk producing females of dairy animals are called milch animals.
Q 24. Name two foreign cattle breeds that are selected for long lactation periods.
Ans. Jersey and Brown Swiss.
Q 25. Name two cattle breeds which show excellent resistance of diseases.
Ans. Red Sindhi and Sahiwal.
Q 26. Mention two signs of a healthy animal.
Ans. A healthy animal feeds regularly and has a normal posture.
Q 27. Name the internal parasites which affect the stomach, intestine and liver in cattle.
Ans. Stomach and intestine – Worms; Liver – Flukes.
Q 28. Name two breeds of buffaloes.
Ans. Murrah and Mehsana.
Q 29. Name one exotic breed of cattle.
Ans. Brown Swiss
Name a nutrient which is not present in fertilisers.
Ans. Iron
Q 30. Name one oil yielding plant.
Ans. Sunflower
Q 31. What was blue revolution meant for?
Ans. For increase in fish production.
Q 32. Why should beekeeping be done in good pasturage?
Ans. Beekeeping is done in good pasturage because good pasturage provides more quantity and quality of nectar for honey to the honeybees.
Q 33. Can increasing grain production alone solve the problem of malnutrition and hunger?
Ans. No, increasing grain production only for storage in warehouses cannot solve the problem of malnutrition and hunger. Food security depends both on availability of food and access to it. As the majority of our population depends on agriculture for their livelihood, increasing the incomes of people working in agriculture thus becomes necessary to combat the problem of hunger.
Q 34. In agricultural practices, higher input gives higher yield. Discuss how?
Ans. Higher input means good financial conditions of the farmers so that they can employ good and improved farming technologies. Thus these would give higher yields.
Q 35. What happens due to deficiency of nutrients?
Ans. Nutrients are required by the plants for maintaining their health and every living process occurring in their bodies. Deficiency of nutrients affects the various physiological processes in plants like reproduction, growth, susceptibility to diseases, etc. and can ultimately lead to the death of plant.
Q 36. How is culture of Pomphret and Mackeral different from that of Catla and Rohu?
Ans. Pomphret and Mackeral are marine fishes cultured in sea water called mariculture. Whereas Catla and Rohu are freshwater fishes grown in inland fisheries like ponds, canals, reservoirs and rivers called composite fish culture.
Q 37. How is the use of manure beneficial for our environment?
Ans. Manure is beneficial because they help in:
- protecting the damage of environment from chemicals such as pesticides and fertilisers.
- recycling the biological wastes, i.e., animal excreta and plant wastes, thus preventing the accumulation of these things.
Q 38. What is green manure?
Ans. Some plants like sun hemp or guar are grown in the field prior to the sowing of the crop seeds. These are then mulched by ploughing them into the soil. These green plants gradually decompose and turn into green manure which helps in enriching the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.
Q 39. Name the two types of fish that come under fish production.
Ans. The two types of fish are:
- True fin fishes, i.e., fishes that have fins like carps, catla, mrigal, etc.
- Shellfishes like prawns, molluscs, echinoderms, etc.
Q 40. What is honey?
Ans. Honey is a dense sweet liquid that contains 20-40 per cent sugar, 60-80 per cent moisture, 0.22-0.3 per cent minerals and 0.2-0.5 per cent vitamins. Apart from that, it also contains certain enzymes and pollen. Uses of honey are as follows:
- Honey has medicinal value specially in disorders that are related to digestion and liver ailments.
- As it contains iron and calcium, it also helps in the growth of the body.
- It is used as a source of sugar in various confectionery items.
Q 41. Name two types of animal feed and write their functions.
Ans. The two types of animal feed are:
- Roughage: These are rich in fibre; e.g., cowpea, berseem, etc.
- Concentrates: These are nutrient-rich and low on fibres; e.g., oats, maize, etc.
Q 42. What is a GM crop? Name any one such crop which is grown in India.
Ans. Crop which has been developed by introducing a new gene from a different source, to obtain the desired character, is called genetically modified (GM) crop. For example, Bt cotton which is made insect-resistant by introducing a new gene from a bacteria.
Q 43. Why is organic matter important for crop production?
Ans. Organic matter is important for crop production because:
- It helps in improving soil structure.
- It helps in increasing water holding capacity of sandy soil.
- In clayey soil, large quantities of organic matter helps in drainage and in avoiding waterlogging.
Q 44. Write the modes by which insects affect the crop yield.
Ans. Insects have a damaging effect on the crop yield. Some insects cut the plant parts inhibiting their growth while others suck the cell sap so bees cannot help in pollination. Some insects are even seen as the bore which damage the entire crop yield.
Q 45. Why is excess use of fertilisers detrimental for the environment?
Ans. Fertilisers are inorganic chemicals which are not easily degraded. Excess use of fertilisers causes environmental pollution as their residual and unused amounts will become pollutants for air, water and soil.
Q 46. Differentiate between compost and vermicompost.
Ans.
- Compost: It is prepared by the process in which farm waste materials like livestock excreta, vegetable wastes, animal refuse, domestic waste, straw, eradicated weeds are decomposed and used as manure. Vermicompost: It is the compost prepared from organic matter using earthworms which hasten the process of decomposition.
Q 47. An Italian bee variety A. mellifera has been introduced in India for honey production. Write about its merits over other varieties
Ans. Merits of Italian bee variety A. mellifera are
- It stings less.
- It has high honey collection capacity.
- It stays in the given beehive for longer periods and breeds very well.
Q 48. What mineral nutrients are supplied to the plants by air, water and soil?
Ans. Air supplies two nutrients to plants namely carbon and oxygen. Water supplies hydrogen and soil supplies thirteen nutrient elements to the plants. Among these thirteen nutrients, six are macronutrients and the other seven nutrients are micronutrients. Macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur while the micronutrients are iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum and chlorine.
Q 49. Why should pesticides be used judiciously?
Ans. Pesticides are the chemicals that are used to control weeds, insects, rodents, fungi as well as diseases of plants. Their excessive use causes environmental pollution. They reach the water resources and affect the aquatic flora and fauna. These harmful chemicals reach the bodies of birds, animals and human beings through various food chains and are thus, harmful to all depending on their concentration in the body.
Q 50. What do you understand by organic farming?
Ans. Organic farming is a farming system in which there is minimal or no use of chemicals such as fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, etc. There is maximum input of organic manure, recycled farm wastes, i.e., straw and livestock excreta, use of bio-agents such as culture of blue green algae in preparation ofbiofertilisers. Also, neem leaves or turmeric is used specifically in grain storage which act as biopesticides. It employs healthy cropping systems (mixed cropping, intercropping and crop rotation).
Q 51. What are the different types of fisheries?
Types of fishery are: a Fin fishery and Shell fisheryb Capture fishery and culture fisher yc Marine fishery and Inland fisherya Fin fishery and Shell fishery Fish production involves fin fishery and shell fishery. Two main species of finned true fish are Catla and Rohu and that of shellfish such as prawns and mollusks. b Capture fishery and culture fishery Fish are obtained by capture fishing as an economic source for their meat. Capture fishing involves capturing of fish from sea water or fresh water. Culture fishing involves culturing the fish in small enclosures. Capture fishing is classified into marine fishery and inland fishery depending upon the resources used for fishing. Culture fishery involves rearing of fish in small structures like wells. Fish farming can be done in the rice field where both grains and fish can be harvested from the farm. As feeding habits of fish differ from species to species many varieties can be reared on the same farm. Composite fish farming is rearing of different varieties of fish in the same area. e.g. Composite fish farming includes Catla the surface feeders Rohu feed in the middle zone of a pond Mrigal and common carp the bottom feeders and grass carp feeding on weeds. These species can co-exist in a single pond and thus increase the yield of fish from the pond. c Marine fishery and Inland fishery Mariculture is the culture of fish in marine water. Marine fishery involves fishing in salt water regions. Some examples of marine fish are Pomphret Tuna and Mackerel. Fish are captured by locating large schools of fish in the open sea with the help of satellites and echo-sounders. Marine fish of high economic value are farmed in seawater. Shellfish such as prawns mussels and oysters are also farmed in seawater. Oysters are cultivated for their pearls.
Q 52. What is ‘apiculture’? Name a few products obtained from apiculture.
Ans.
Apiculture:
1. Apiculture is the method of rearing honeybees.
2. Apiculture is done for the commercial production of honey along with other beneficial products.
3. It is also called beekeeping.
4. Products obtained from apiculture are wax pollen, honey, beeswax, royal jelly, bee venom, etc.
Q 53. What are weeds and fertilizers?
Ans. weeds are the harmaful plants that grow along with crops and take all water and nutrients from the crop, and damage the crops. fertilizers are the chemical products which are used by farmers to enhance the soil fertility and to kill the weeds . but excessive use of fertilizers can be harmful for the crops.
Q 54. What are the harmful effects of using excessive fertilizers?
Ans.
Too much fertilizer can
- result in stunted growth and withering or death to the plants commonly known as leaf scorch;
- decrease the organic matter in the soil leading to soil acidification;
- deplete the soil of essential nutrients resulting in less vitamin and mineral content in food crops; and
- lastly, release the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide into the air.
Q 55. What are the different ways of hybridisation?
Ans.
Hybridization can be of the following types :
(a) Intervarietal between different varieties of crops.
(b) Interspecific – between two species of same genus.
(c) Intergeneric – between two different genera.
Q 56. What do you understand by organic farming?
Ans. Organic farming can be defined as a system of management and agricultural production that combines a high level of biodiversity with environmental practices that preserve natural resources and has rigorous standards for animal welfare.
Q 57. Define one method of crop production ensuring high yield.
Ans. Inter cropping is a method of crop production which ensures high yield. It is a practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field in rows. In inter cropping definite row patterns are followed such as one row of main crop of is followed by two row of intercrop.
Q 58. What are macro-nutrients?
Ans. Carbohydrates, fat and protein are called macronutrients. They are the nutrients you use in the largest amounts. “Macronutrients are the nutritive components of food that the body needs for energy and to maintain the body’s structure and systems,” says MD Anderson Wellness Dietitian Lindsey Wohl ford.
Q 59. What is meant by sustainable agriculture?
Ans. “Sustainable agriculture” as legally defined in U.S. Code Title 7, Section 3103 means an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will over the long term: Satisfy human food and fiber needs.
Q 60. “Simply increasing grain production for storage in warehouses cannot solve the
problem of malnutrition and hunger.” Why.?
Ans.
According to the question;
“Simply increasing grain production for storage in warehouses cannot solve the problem of malnutrition and hunger.”
This statement is completely justified.
Because;
1) Food distribution is the main thing to prevent hunger and malnutrition. Just storing food is not a prevention.
2) Quality is the main thing which is needed to be increased to prevent the malnutrition.
Q 61. What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?
Ans.
Pasturage refers to the availability of flowers to the bees for easy accessibility for pollen collection and nectar. The kinds of flowers available will determine the taste of the honey, hence Pasturage is the main reason for the good quality honey.
Q 62. Define hybridization. List its any two advantages.
Ans.
The act of mixing different species of crops or plants to produce improvised versions called hybrids is called hybridization. Advantages:
a) Hybrids give better produce than local varieties ,
b) They can be disease resistant and more sturdy
Q 63. Define hybridization. List its any two advantages.
Ans. Such methods include pulling, digging, disking, plowing and mowing. Success of various mechanical control methods is dependent on the life cycle of the target weed species.
Q 64. Why Italian bee variety is commonly used for commercial honey production?
Ans. Apis mellifera is an italian bee variety. Italian bees are more desirable for production of honey because they give a high yield of honey, are stingless and can live long in the beehives as compared to the other bees.
Q 65. What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements?
Ans. Crop improvement:
- Crops are the food materials that are produced In enormous quantities to feed the population.
- In order to do so, crop quality and improvement of the crop yield are of utmost importance.
- Crop improvement enables the desirable traits such as high yields, disease resistance, quality product, and response to fertilizers.
- Crops should be grown best in their quality and quantity to sustain the health of the population.
- As the demand for food is constantly increasing with the increasing population, crop growth has to be improved.
- A diverse variety of traits has to be introduced to get enhanced benefits.
Characteristics for crop improvement:
1. Crops with high nutritional content.
2. Plants that are highly resistant to diseases and pests.
3. The yield of the crop has to be high.
4. Tallness and profuse branching are desirable characteristics for fodder crops.
5. Dwarfness is desired in cereals so that fewer nutrients are consumed by these crops.
Q 66. Name two desirable traits for variety improvement in poultry farming.
Ans.
Poultry farming is a type of farming which involves the rearing of poultry birds which are domesticated birds that can be raised commercially for meat, eggs and feathers.
Desirable traits for variety improvement of poultry farming includes:
- The bird should have the capacity to frequently lay eggs.
- They should also have thick fatty muscles fulfill better meat requirement.
- They should be temperature tolerant as well as disease resistant in order to survive in all the given climatic conditions.
Q 67. What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?
Ans.
Dairy and poultry farming:
- Dairy farming is the branch of agriculture that is involved the raising and utilizing of dairy animals.
- Poultry farming involves raising birds domestically or commercially and results in producing eggs, meat, etc.
Management practices in dairy and poultry farming-
- Maintain clean sheds, surroundings, and equipment.
- The diets given to the birds and animals should meet the nutrient requirements of each age group.
- There should be a control system for the environmental condition which ensures the environmental needs of the birds and animals.
Q 68. Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility
Ans. Effects of using manures on soil quality:
(i) The manures enrich the soil with nutrients.
(ii) They provide a lot of organic matter (humus) to the soil and thus
restores water retention capacity of sandy soils and drainage in clayey soil.
(iii) The addition of manures reduces soil erosion.
(iv) They provide food for soil organisms, like soil friendly bacteria.
Effects of using fertilizers on soil quality:
(i) By the continuous use of fertilizers, the soil becomes powdery, dry and
rate of soil erosion increases.
(ii) By the use of fertilizers, the organic matter decreases which further
decreases the porosity of soil and the plant roots do not get oxygen properly.
(iii) The nature of soil changes to acidic or basic.
Q 69. Discuss the implications of the following statement:
“It is interesting to note that poultry is India’s most efficient converter of low
fibre food stuff (which is unfit for human consumption) into highly nutritious
animal protein food”.
Ans. The basic aim of poultry farming is to raise domestic fowl for egg
production and chicken meat.
These poultry birds are not only the efficient converters of agricultural byproducts, particularly cheaper fibrous wastes (which is unfit for human consumption but can be formulated into cheaper diets for poultry birds) into high quality meat and also help in providing egg, feathers and nutrient rich manure. For this reasons, it is said that, “poultry is India’s most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff into highly nutritious animal protein food”.
Q 70. What are the advantages of composite fish culture?
Ans. In composite fish culture, a combination of five or six fish species is used in
a single fish pond.
These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them and are having different types of food habits. As a result, the food available in all the parts of the pond is used. For example, Catlas are surface feeders, Rohus feed in the middle-zone of the pond, Mrigals and Common Carps are bottom feeders and Grass Carps feed on the weeds, together these species can use all the food in the pond without competing with each other. This increases the fish yield from pond.
Q 71. Explain any one method of crop production which ensures high yield
Ans. One method used for crop production which ensures high yield is plant breeding. It is the science involved in improving the varieties of crops by breeding plants. The plants from different areas/places is picked up with desired traits and then hybridisation or cross-breeding of these varieties is
done to obtain a plant/ crop of desired characteristic.
The high yielding crop variety shows the following characteristics: High yield, early maturation, less water for irrigation, better quality seeds are produced, less fertilizers required, adapts itself to the environmental conditions.