Changing Cultural Traditions For Class 11 History Important Questions Answer

Ans.(a) Leonardo da Vinci

Ans. (c) Italy

Ans. (a) cultural developments

Ans. (c) 15th century

Ans. (a) 1341

Ans.  (b) humanists

Ans. (a) Plato

Ans. (c) merchants

Ans. (d) It will disclose how trickily, the church and its clergy men have made Bible all for their advantage.

Ans. (d) He wanted to avoid its bitter percussions in his individual life-time.

Ans.  (c) Holland

Ans.  (a) 1341

Ans. (c) Machiavelli.

Ans.  (a) cultural developments.

Ans.  (d) 12th century.

Ans. (b) Astronomy

Ans. (a) Medicine

Ans. It was a scholar of nineteenth-century Jacob Burckhardt, Professor, the University of Basle in Switzerland.

Ans. It may be a change in the concept of humanity because the culture was then understood as humanity consisting of subjects like grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy. The term humanist was considered as the master for teaching these subjects.

Ans. It is ascribed to its location where ports were en route to Western Europe (Spain, England, etc.), Central, East, and South Asia as also South Africa. The incessant movement of people from varied traditions and cultures thus naturally educated the Italians. Islam’s drive to create a common civilization, Eastern Europe being ruled by the Byzantine empire, reshaping a feudal bond in Western Europe all were added to trade ties and Italy took the maximum benefit of this situation by increasing the number of towns there.

Ans.

1. These were independent city States.
2. Venice was a republic.
3. These cities were different from other parts of Europe.
4. These were governed by assistance from wealthy merchants and bankers.
5. The idea of citizenship sprouted on a surface in these cities.

Ans. It was considered a period of millennium i.e. thousand years from the fifth century to the fourteenth century. This period of thousand years had been further divided into the Dark Ages, The Early Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages respectively. The dark age had set in after the collapse of the Roman Empire i.e. a period of 500 years. The Early Middle Ages is the period of 200 years and it is that of 300 years when we talk about the Late Middle Ages.

Ans. During this period in question, Roman history was read and remains were dug up by archeologists. It inspired a new style of architecture viz a revival of the Imperial Roman Style. It was called classical architecture.

Ans. It was Galileo of Italy who told that knowledge is based on observation and experiments viz. scientific process is required to know the things in their real forms. He further told that beliefs are based on hearsay, myth, concoction, and conjecture always untrue hence, bar the path of Knowledge with illusions.

Ans. No, we can not state likewise because it would mere perception and not a thorough study of the cause that took birth during the Middle ages. Italy is understood as the first place which gave birth to the renaissance where it can be traced back to the twelfth and thirteenth century when it was observing and analyzing the universal color of culture, people, occupations, etc. from its ports.

Ans. These were-

1. Classical consideration of Rome and Greece.
2. Archeological discoveries,
3. new techniques of navigation,
4. the expansion of Islam and the Mongol conquests,
5. opportunity to learn from India, Arabia, Iran, Central Asia, and China.

Ans. The women like Cassandra Fedele and Marchesa Isabella state were educated in Latin and Greek. Fedele proved that women can also become a humanist scholar and requested every woman to: acquire humanist education. She said-Even though the study of letters promises and offers no reward for women and no dignity, every woman ought to seek and embrace these studies. Her writings bring into focus the> general regard for education in that, age.

Ans. The Government in those city-states was of democratic type as the Government of Venice city was a republic. Some others were court-cities ruled by princes. Underlying principles of constituting these city-states can be summed up as under:-

Ans.

a) Literary/Institutional/Educational Developments

1. Humanism as a subject of study incorporated into the curriculum of Padua University in Italy (1300).
2. University established in Florence. (1349)
3. Academy of Sciences set-up in Paris (1643).

b) Published/Translated Works

1. Bible was first printed by Johannes Gutenberg, who made the printing press (1454).
2. Thomas More’s Utopia was published (1516).
3. Martin Luther wrote the Ninety Five Theses (1517).
4. Martin Luther translated the Bible into German (1522).
5. Andreas Vesalius wrote on Anatomy (1543).
6. Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica published (1687).
7. Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales published (1390).

(c) Painting/Sculpture/architecture.

1. Brunelleschi designs the Duomo in Florence (1436).
2. Leonardo Da Vinci paints The Last Supper (1495).
3. Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel Ceiling (1512).

(d) Exploration/Inventions

1. Portuguese mathematicians calculate latitude by observing the sun (1484).
2. Columbus reaches America (1492).
3. Gerhardus Mercator prepares a cylindrical map of the earth (1569).
4. Gregorian Calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII (1582).
5. William Harvey links the heart with blood circulation (1628).
6. Petrarch was given the title of poet Laureate in Rome (1341).

(e) Conquests/Wars

1. Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine ruler of Constantinople (1453).
2. Anglican Church established in England with the King as its head (1559).
3. Peasants uprising in Germany (1525).

Ans. Venice is in the vicinity of Padua where a university was set up in Italy. This city is on the coast side of the Adriatic sea. As we see in the painting made by G. Bellini under the title-“The Recovery Of The Relic Of The Holy Cross”, there were multi-story buildings duly ventilated as we observe a number of windows around them. There are chimney-like structures in every building. We see roads and lakes between the rows of these buildings. There were ponds, well decorated on which boats had been rowed. People used to gather around the ponds and enjoy rowing, squatting, and discussing their day-to-day businesses. Here we see no market place in the lanes or streets passing between the buildings.

Cathedral towns were settled on the ruins of the towns of the Roman Empire. These Cathedrals were built by Churches from the money contributed by rich merchants. Actually, large Churches belonging to Monasteries were called Cathedrals. The area around … these Cathedrals became popular because they had become the center of pilgrimage. Gradually, grand towns were settled around these – churches. There was a town square, a church, roads where merchants built shops and homes, an office or auditorium where the people. governing the town could meet and discuss the issues. There was high sense constructed around these towns with several gates for entrance and exit. There were parks, shady trees, playgrounds, and bridges to cross the ditch which was dug for defense around these towns.

Ans. Aspirations for Women (Fedele)

1. She had advocated the need for the promotion of education among women.
2. She criticized the definition of freedom as it was in the constitution of republic city-states. Eg. Venice because had favored the desires of men over those of women.
3. She advocated humanist education and wished the women to acquire that education.
4. She stated-“Even though theoretically, women are understood broader figure than that of men, practically, no regard is seen for women in European society. Hence, women should come up at the surface and by virtue of educating them in Humanist Education acquire their respected place in the society.”

Aspirations for Women by a man Castiglione

1. Women are of different ways, manners, words, gestures, and bearing more than men. They, therefore, take over the portfolio of a certain soft and delicate tenderness, feminine sweetness in every gesture (while moving, staying) and in all activities they do.
2. He condemns women’s mimicry or coping of men. He thinks her portfolio is different in anatomy and actions.
3. He also considers that virtues like simplicity, generosity, etiquette, prudence and witty, politeness, tolerance, industrious, benevolent glue this common difference between the man and woman. These are; equally necessary in both males and females.

Thus, Balthasar Castiglione, the author of ‘The Courier’, condemns r rivalry between men and women owing to sex difference. He wants to refer that both are like wheels of life carriage and live with maintaining the proportionate difference between but it should not be made a cause for discrimination. Nature itself has bestowed one with delicacy and the other with a robust and sturdy body. This structure should be maintained with a matching soul and its manifestation.

Ans. Catholic Church in criticism by Protestants

1. According to William Tyndale, the clergymen had still not made available copies of the Bible in their mother tongue because they were t intended to keep them still in dark.
2. This they had done so that they might sit in the conscience of the mass through vain superstition and false doctrine to satisfy their proud ambition to bag honor from them above the King and even above God.
3. Martin Luther was the leader of the Protestant Reform movement. He said a person needn’t priests to establish contact with God. It is the faith of God that can guide the people to the right life and entry into heaven.
4. The Church had held supreme power i.e. First Order while no specific portfolio it had in the ruling.
5. Some radical opinion was that God has created all people as equal. Hence, they have the right to choose their priest and there is no need to pay taxes to the Catholic Church.
6. As Head of the Catholic Church (i.e. Pope) had failed in performing its duty to the masses, the King should be made the head of Church in his place/state and not the Pope.
7. Monasteries had been indulged in corrupt practices by the fourteenth century in Europe.

Ans. The private sphere of life is consisting of the family and personal religion while the public sphere meant the area of government and of formal religion. These two spheres became separate during the period between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. An individual was not simply a member of one of the three orders but he was also a person in his own right. He was not just a member of the guild but he was known for himself. It subsequently became a basis for the principle that all individuals had equal political rights.

Ans. Yes, Albrecht Durer is nil correct in stating art’s dwelling in nature. Nature in its physical sense, we observe; embeds in it, beautiful landscapes, landforms, vegetation with changing seasons, water bodies including ponds, fountains, springs, rivers, rivulets, and oceans of different size and shape, the flora and fauna, varied altitudes of mountains and hillocks, isle, island, etc. In its metaphysical sense, it embeds resipiscence, power of imagination, gregarious spirit, dedication and devotion, loyalty, dutifulness, etc. a number of virtues.

It depends, however, on the individual, how he can glorify his actions by positive views of his own nature with that of nature in its physical forms. In case, the artist applies his physical, mental and emotional, powers duly balanced and motivated by inner conscience, the imagination will excel and proposed art gets acclamation from the masses.

Ans. Culture during the period of 14th to 17th century in Europe was considered as humanities as used by a Roman lawyer and essayist Cicero. It was derived from the Latin wood humanities. Grammar, law, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy were the subjects of humanity. Discussion and debates were stated necessary to develop knowledge in these subjects. Here we see that all these subjects are made for society and rules for ideal living, these all contain in themselves. Politics itself tells the processes of social organization and leadership which is possible only when culture is studied and a smooth link between both is established.

In brief, we can conclude that History itself is both the story of culture and politics. Culture determines which type of governance is possible at the material time and the ruler skilled in culture can only lead the mass. History tells about the education, manners, standard of living, customs, and traditions all incorporated in culture. It simultaneously enables us to know about the government, organization of society during a specific period of time.