The Making of the Movement For Class 8 History Important Question Answer

Ans. (b) Balgangadhar Tilak

Ans. (b) Mahatma Gandhi

Ans. (c) 1878

Ans.  (a) a businessman and publicist

Ans. (c) C. Rajagopalachari

Ans. (c) 1945

Ans. (c) Swadeshi movement stressed on the use of English language with minimal use of Indian languages.

Ans.  (d) Surendranath Banerjee

Ans. (c) Swadeshi Movement

Ans. (d) In December 1915

Ans. (c) Boycott

Ans. (a) Kesari

Ans. Gandhiji, at the age of 46, arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa. He led Indians in South Africa in non-violent marches against racist restrictions. He was already a respected leader known internationally. His South African campaign brought him in contact with various types of Indians.

Ans. The First world War led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of the Government of India. The Government in turn increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits. Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices that created difficulties for the common people. On other side business groups reaped fabulous profits from the war.

Ans. In Kheda, Gujarat, patidar peasants organized non-violent campaigns against the high land revenue demand of the British. In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed. In Guntur, tribals and some peasants staged a number of ‘forest satyagrahas’. In Sind, Muslims traders and peasants enthusiastically took part in khilafat call. In Bengal too, there was seen a great communal unity.

Ans. Most of the political associations were led by the English-educated professionals such as lawyers. The important associations were Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Bombay Presidency Association, the Indian National Congress.

Ans.

1. Sovereign: The capacity to act independently without outside interference.
2. Publicist: Someone who publicizes an idea by circulating information, writing reports, speaking at meetings.
3. Repeal: to undo law to officially end the validity without outside interference.

Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement gained momentum through 1921 – 22. Thousands of students left the schools and colleges that were controlled by the government. Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C.Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave up their practices. British titles that were awarded to several of the Indians were surrendered.

Legislatures were boycotted. People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth. The import of foreign cloth fell drastically between 1920 and 1922. But all this was seen as merely the tip of the iceberg. The large parts of the country were on the brink of a formidable revolt.

Ans. Revolutionary nationalists such as Bhagat Singh and his comrades wanted to fight colonial rule and the rich exploitating classes through a revolution of workers and peasants. This purpose was served with the foundation of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928 at Ferozeshah Kotla in Delhi. Members of the HSRA assassinated Saunders, a police officer who had led a lathi-charge that caused the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.

Along with his fellow B.K. Dutt, Bhagat Singh threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on 8th April 1929. The aim was not to kill but “to make the deaf hear”, and to remind the foreign government of its callous exploitation. Bhagat Singh was tried and executed at the age of 23.

Ans. In 1919, Gandhiji gave call for a satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act that the British had just passed.

1. The Act curbed fundamental rights such as freedom of expression and strengthened police powers.
2. Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others felt that the government had no right to restrict people’s basic freedoms. The Act was criticized as ‘Devilish’ and tyrannical.
3. Gandhiji asked the Indian people to observe 6th April 1919 as a day of “humiliation and prayer” and hartal (strike).
4. Satyagraha Sabhas were set up to launch the movement.
5. Rowlatt Satyagraha turned out to be the first all India struggle against the British. It was largely restricted to the cities.
6. In April 1919 there were a number of demonstrations and hartals in the country and the government used brutal measures to suppress them.
7. The Jallianwala Bagh atrocities, inflicted by General Dyer in Amritsar on Baisakhi Day (13th April) were a part of repression.
8. On learning about the massacre, R.N. Tagore expressed pain and anger of the country by renouncing his knighthood.
9. During Rowlatt Satyagraha, the participants tried to ensure that Hindus and Muslims were united to fight against British rule. This was also the call of Mahatma Gandhi who always saw India as a land of all the people who lived in the country.
10. Gandhiji was keen that Hindus and Muslims support each other in any just cause.

Ans.

1. ‘Poverty and unbritish rule of India’.
2. The book offered a scathing criticism of the economic impact of British rule.

Ans.

1. It shows the founders of the Natal Congress, Durban, South Africa, 1895.
2. In 1895, along with other Indians, Mahatma Gandhi established the Natal Congress to fight against racial discrimination.

Ans.

1. General Dyer.
2. The above figure shows the walled compound in which general Dyer opened fire on the gathering of people.

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law because according to this law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi along with other nationalists reasoned that it was sinful to tax salt since it is such an essential item of our food.

Ans. Azad was born in Mecca to a Bengali father and an Arab mother. Well-versed in many languages, Azad was a scholar of Islam and an exponent of the notion of wahadat-ideen, the essential oneness of all religions. An active participant in Gandhian movements and a staunch advocate of Hindu- Muslim unity, he was opposed to Jinnah’s two-nation theory.

Ans. In September 1939, after two years of Congress rule in the provinces, the Second World War broke out. Critical of Hitler, Congress leaders were ready to support the British war effort. But in return they wanted that India be granted independence after the war. The British refused to concede the demand. The Congress ministries resigned in protest.

Ans. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the Pashtun leader from the North West Frontier Province. Also known as Badshah Khan, he was the founder of the Khudai Khidmatgars, a powerful non-violent movement among the Pathans of his province. Badshah Khan was strongly opposed to the Partition of India. He criticised his Congress colleagues for agreeing to the 1947 division.

Ans. Two important developments of the mid-1920s were the formation of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu organisation, and the Communist Party of India. These parties have held very different ideas about the kind of country India should be. The revolutionary nationalist Bhagat Singh too was active in this period. The decade closed with the Congress resolving to fight for Purna Swaraj (complete independence) in 1929 under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. Consequently, “Independence Day” was observed on 26 January 1930 all over the country.

Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement gained momentum through 1921-22.

Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges.
Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave up their practices.
British titles were surrendered and legislatures boycotted. People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth. The imports of foreign cloth fell drastically between 1920 and 1922.

Ans, It has often been said that the Congress in the first twenty years was “moderate” in its objectives and methods. The congress leaders of this period were called ‘moderates’. The Moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule. They published newspapers, wrote articles, and showed how British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the country. They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public opinion. They felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice, and so they would accept the just demands of Indians.

Ans. Consequences of partition of Bengal

• The partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India. All sections of the Congress the Moderates and the Radicals, opposed it.
• Large public meetings and demonstrations were organised and novel methods of mass protest developed.
• The struggle that unfolded came to be known as the Swadeshi movement, strongest in Bengal but with echoes elsewhere too – in deltaic Andhra for instance, it was known as the Vandemataram Movement.

Ans. In September 1939, after two years of Congress rule in the provinces, the
Second World War broke out. Critical of Hitler, Congress leaders were ready to support the British war effort. But in return they wanted that India be granted independence after the war. The British refused to concede the demand. The Congress ministries resigned in protest. Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate a new phase of movement against the British in the middle of the Second World War. The British must quit India immediately, he told them. To the people he said, “do or die” in your effort to fight the British – but you must fight non-violently.

Ans. In 1920 the British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan or Khalifa. People were furious about this as they had been about the Jallianwala massacre. Also, Indian Muslims were keen that the Khalifa be allowed to retain control over Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman Empire. The leaders of the Khilafat agitation, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, now wished to initiate a full-fledged Non-Cooperation Movement. Gandhiji supported their call and urged the Congress to campaign against “Punjab wrongs” (Jallianwala massacre), the Khilafat wrong and demand swaraj.

Ans. In 1905 Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal. At that time Bengal was the biggest province of British India and included Bihar and parts of Orissa. The British argued for dividing Bengal for reasons of administrative convenience. But clearly, it was closely tied to the interests of British officials and businessmen. Even so, instead of removing the nonBengali areas from the province, the government separated East Bengal and merged it with Assam. Perhaps the main British motives were to curtail the influence of Bengali politicians and to split the Bengali people.