Q 1. Suggest any three ways to improve public facilities in India.
Ans.
Q 2. Explain any three major problems faced by road transport in India.
Ans. Major problems faced by road transportation:
(i) The road network is inadequate in proportion to the volume of traffic and passengers.
(ii) About half of the roads are unmetalled which makes them useless during the rainy season.
(iii) The National Highways are inadequate and lack roadside amenities.
(iv) The roadways are highly congested in cities.
(v) Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.
Q 3. Differentiate between multinational corporations and domestic companies.
Q 4. Write any three merits of democracy.
Q 5 Explain with examples, how do industries give a boost to the agriculture sector.
Ans. Industries give boost to the agriculture sector in the ways as mentioned below :
(i) There are agro based industries such as cotton, woollen, jute, edible oil that get their raw materials from agriculture.
(ii) In return, these industries sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides,
PVC pipes and many other things to the farmers.
(iii) The agro industries has given boost to agriculture by raising its productivity and has made the production processes very efficient as well.
Q 6. “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.” Support the statement with arguments.
Or
How do industries pollute the environment? Explain with six examples.
Or
Industries have increased pollution and degraded the environment. Industries create several types of pollution as explained below:
Ans. Arguments in favor of the above statement :
(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture. They reduce the heavy dependence
of people on the agricultural sector. At present more than half of the workers in India are still
engaged in this primary sector.
(ii) They provide jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors also.
(iii) They are necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty in a country like India.
(iv) They bring down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(v) The export of manufactured goods brings foreign exchange and helps in maintaining the
balance of payments.
(vi) Obviously, they make a country rich and prosperous because they transform raw material into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value which increases the income of the country.
or
Industries have increased pollution and degraded the environment. Industries create several types of
pollution as explained below:
(i) Water Pollution: Industrial effluents both organic and inorganic are discharged into rivers. They pollute the water. Coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilizers are some common pollutants in the water.
(ii) Air Pollution: The smoke emitted by the industries pollutes the air and water badly. The smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, and smelting plants. The burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories is a great cause of air pollution.
(iii) Noise Pollution: Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, etc. make a lot of noise which has bad effects on human beings.
(iv) Thermal Pollution: This pollution is caused by thermal plants. Wastes from nuclear and thermal power plants cause cancer, birth defects, and miscarriages. The dumping of thermal wastes makes soil useless.
Q 7. How has the liberalization of trade and investment policies helped the globalization
process?
Ans.
Q 8. “Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been advantageous to consumers.” Support the statement with examples.
Ans. Globalisation arid competition among producers has been of advantage to the consumers in the ways as mentioned below:
(i) Now there is more choice for the consumers in the markets. For example in the field of toys, the markets are flooded with Chinese toys which are cheaper and of better quality than Indian toys. People now have a choice between Indian toys and Chinese toys.
(ii) The consumers now have products of better quality.
(iii) The prices of various products have come down due to competition among the producers
manufacturers.
(iv) Globalisation has led to improvement in the standard of living of people.
Q 9. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside and drew into its fold the struggles of peasants and tribal communities? Elaborate.
Or
How had the ‘First World War’ created economic problems in India? Explain with examples
Q 10. Describe any five outcomes of democracy.
Or
“Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.” Justify this statement.
Q 11. What is a multi-party system? Why has India adopted a multi-party system? Explain.
Q 12. Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option.
If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multiparty system. Thus in India, we have a multiparty system. In this system, the government is formed by various parties coming together in a coalition. When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance or a front. For example, in India, there were three such major alliances in the 2004 parliamentary elections–the National Democratic Alliance, the United Progressive Alliance, and the Left Front. The multiparty system often appears very messy and leads to political instability. At the time, this system allowed a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
1. Which country has adopted a multi-party system?
2. Write advantages of a multi-party system.
3. Which Coalition government is in power at the center of India at present?
Q 13. Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:
Tax on imports is an example of a trade barrier. It is called a barrier because some restriction has been set up. Governments can use trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country. The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. This was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s, and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up. Thus, India allowed imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilizers, petroleum, etc. Note that all developed countries, during the early stages of development, have given protection to domestic producers through a variety of means. Starting around 1991, some far-reaching changes in policy were made in India. The government decided that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe. It felt that competition would improve the performance of producers within the country since they would have to improve their quality. This decision was supported by powerful international organisations. Thus, barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. This meant that goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign companies could set up factories and offices here. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as liberalisation.
1. What is trade barrier? Give one example.
2. What do you mean by the term liberalisation?
3. How does government regulate foreign trade?
Ans.
1. When the government puts some restrictions on foreign trade and foreign investment then
it is called a trade barrier. One example of a trade barrier is tax.
2. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalization.
3. Governments can use trade barriers:
(i) To increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade.
(ii) To decide what kinds of goods and how much of each should come into the country
Q 14. A. Locate and label the following National Highways and major cities connected with them on an outline map of India. NH-1, NH-2, NH-4, NH-5, NH-8, NH-27, NH-44 (Previous NH-7)
B. The place where cotton mill workers organized Satyagraha.
C. Locate and label the following industries on an outline map of India: Cotton Textile Industries: Mumbai, Indore, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore.
