Q 1 – Why did settlements grow near the river valleys?
Ans. Settlements grew near the river valleys because plenty of water was available there and the land was fertile.
Q 2 – What are called temporary settlements?
Ans. Settlements which are occupied for a short time are called temporary settlements.’
Q 3 – What do people living in temporary settlements practice?
Ans. They practice hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation, and transhumance.
Q 4 – Why do people who rear animals move from place to place?
Ans. They move from place to place in search of new pastures according to changes in seasons.’
Q 5 – Differentiate a compact settlement from a scattered settlement.
Ans. A compact settlement is a closely built area of dwellings wherever flat land is available. In a scattered settlement dwellings are spaced over an extensive area.
Q 6 – Where are scattered settlements found?
Ans. Scattered settlements are found in hilly tracts, thick forests, and regions of extreme climate.
Q 7 – Name the materials used in building houses in rural areas?
Ans. Stones, mud, clay, straw, etc
Q 8 – Name some animals used for carrying goods in India.
Ans. Donkeys, mules, bullocks, and camels,
Q 9 – Where do you find a dense network of roads?
Ans. In plains
Q 10 – What has replaced the steam engine?
Ans. Diesel and electric engines have replaced the steam engines.
Q 11 – Name any two important ports of the world.
Ans. Singapore and Rio de Janerio.
Q 12 – When are helicopters proved to be very useful?
Ans. Helicopters are proved to be very useful in the time of calamities for rescuing people and distributing food, water, clothes, and medicines,
Q 13 – How have satellites proved themselves helpful?
Ans. Satellites have helped in oil exploration, a survey of forest, underground water, mineral wealth, weather forecast and disaster warning,
Q 14 – Why is air travel very expensive?
Ans. Air travel is very expensive due to the high cost of fuel.
Q 15 – What do you mean by a site? Mention the natural conditions for the selection of an ideal site?
Ans. The place where a building or a settlement develops is called its site. The natural conditions of an ideal site are:
- Favourable climate
- Availability of water
- Suitable land
- Fertile soil
Q 16 – Write down the features of houses built in rural areas.
Ans. The houses built in rural areas suit to the environment. In regions of heavy rainfall, people build houses with slanting roofs. Places where water accumulates in the rainy season the houses are constructed on a raised platforms or slits,
Q 17 – How did people in the early days travel long distances? What changes came with time?
Ans. In the early days people have no means of transport. Whenever they had to go somewhere they walked on foot. They used animals to carry their goods. It took a great deal to time. The invention of the wheel proved to be a boon for the people. It made transport easier. By and by different means of transport such as railways, airways etc. developed. Airplanes have made travel faster. Now, we can cover a long distance within hours,
Q 18 – Write a short note on the airways.
Ans. Airways is the fastest mode of transport today. It is very expensive due to high cost of fuels. It is the only mode of transport to reach the most remote and distant areas especially where there are no roads and railways. Helicopters are useful in most inaccessible areas and in time of calamities of rescuing people and distributing essential. Some important airports are Delhi, Mumbai, New York, London, Paris, Frankfurt and Cairo.
Q 19 – How has Internet made our lives more comfortable?
Ans. Internet is the latest development in the field of information technology. It not only provides us with worldwide information and interaction but has also made our lives very comfortable. In this age of internet we can reserve tickets for railways, airways and even cinemas and hotels silting at home. We can chat with our friends and relatives living far off places.
Q 20 – How settlements become a necessity? What are its different types?
Ans. Settlements are places where people build their homes to live in. Early human beings did not need to develop settlements because they lived on trees and in caves. When they started to grow crops, it became essential to have a permanent home. Thus, settlements began to grow near the river valleys as the water was available and land was fertile. By and by settlements became larger because trade, commerce, and manufacturing developed.
Settlements can be permanent or temporary.
- Temporary Settlement. Settlements which are occupied for a short time Eire called temporary settlements. The people living in deep forests, hot and cold desserts, and mountains often dwell in such settlements. These people are engaged in hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation, and transhumance.
- Permanent Settlement. Under permanent settlements, people build homes to live in.
Q 21 – Give a detailed description of waterways.
Ans. Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport. They carry heavy and bulky goods over long distances. They are mainly of two types—inland waterways and sea routes.
- Inland Waterways. Navigable rivers and lakes are used as inland waterways. Some important inland waterways are the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system, the Great Lakes in North America, and the river Nile in Africa.
- Sea routes. Sea routes and oceanic routes are mostly used for transporting merchandise and goods from one country to another. These routes are connected with the ports. Some important ports are Singapore, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, etc.
Q 22 – What are the major means of transport? Explain each of them
Ans. There are four major means of transport:
- Roadways
- Railways
- Waterways
- Airways
Roads the most commonly used means of transport. Roads are of two types—metalled roads also known as pucca roads and unmetalled roads also known as Kutcha roads. The plugins have a dense network of roads. Roads built underground are called subways or underpass. Flyovers are built over raised structures.
The railways carry people and bulky goods. They cover long distances quickly and cheaply. The railway network is well developed over the plain areas. With the development of advanced technical skills, we have now railway lines laid in difficult mountain terrains also. The Indian railway network is well developed and the largest in Asia.
Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They carry heavy and bulky goods over long distances. They are of two types—inland waterways and sea routes. Navigable rivers and lakes are used as inland waterways— for example, the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system. Sea routes and oceanic routes are mostly used for transporting merchandise and goods from one country to another.
Airways are the most expensive means of transport. It is the only mode of transport to reach the most remote and distant areas especially where there are no roads and railways. Helicopters are useful in most inaccessible areas and in times of calamities.
Q 23 – What are settlements?
Ans. Settlements are places where people build their homes.
Q 24 – Where did the early men live?
Ans. Early men lived on trees and in caves.
Q 25 – What was the important factor which forced early men to make a permanent home?
Ans. When the early men started to grow crops it became necessary to have a permanent home.
Q 26 – Where were the settlements made by the early men?
Ans. Early humans grew the settlements near the river valley as water was available and land was fertile
Q 27 – Name types of settlements.
Ans. On the basis of nature, settlements may be permanent or temporary. And on the basis of livelihood means, the settlements may be rural or urban settlements.
Q 28 – What are permanent settlements?
Ans. In the permanent settlements people build homes to live in.
Q 29 – What are temporary settlements?
Ans. Temporary settlements are those where people live for a short period.
Q 30 – What is compact settlement?
Ans. A compact settlement is a closely built area of dwellings where flat land is available.
Q 31 – What is scattered settlement? Where is it found?
Ans. An area where people are settled in a scattered manner over an extensive area. It is found in hilly tracts, near to the thick forests and regions of extreme climate.
Q 32 – Name the materials used in the rural areas for making the houses.
Ans. In the rural areas materials used are- mud, clay, straw, stones etc.
Q 33 – Which is the largest highway in the world?
Ans. Manali-Leh highway in the Himalyan Mountains is one of the highest roadways in the world.
Q 34 – Describe the special features of railways.
Ans. The railways carry heavy goods and people over long distance quickly and cheaply. In our country the railway network is well-developed over the plain areas.
Q 35 – Why is transportation expensive in the airways?
Ans. Transportation cost is expensive in the airways because of high cost of fuels.
Q 36 – What is transhumance?
Ans. When people move according to the seasons with the animals in search of new pastures is called transhumance.
Q 37 – What are the rural settlements?
Ans. The villages are rural settlements where people are engaged in activities like agriculture, fishing, forestry, crafts work and trading etc. These may be compact or scattered. In the rural settlements, people build houses to suit their environment.
Q 38 – What are the urban settlements?
Ans. Settlements of town and cities come under the urban settlements. The towns are comparatively small settlements while cities are larger urban settlements. In urban settlements, people are engaged in manufacturing, trading, services etc.
Q 39 – Give the name of various means of transportation.
Ans. Means of transportation are:
- Roadways
- Railways
- Waterways and
- Airways.
Q 40 – Give the feature of waterways transportation.
Ans. Since early days waterways were used for transportation. Waterways are the cheapest for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances. They are mainly of two types-inland waterways and sea routes.
Q 41 – Which animals are used for carrying goods in India?
Ans. In India, animals used to carry goods are:
- Bullocks
- Camels
- Donkeys etc.
Q 42 – What are the natural conditions for the selection of an ideal site?
Ans. Answer:
- Availability of water
- Fertile soil
- Favorable climate and
- Suitable land for making house.
Q 43 – What is transport? Briefly describe various means of transportation.
Ans. Transport is the means by which people and goods move. The modes of transport have been changed with the time. In the early age, only animals and carts were used. In present, four major means of transport are used i.e., roadways, railways, waterways and airways. The most commonly used means of transport are Roadways. Roadways are used for short distances.
Manali-Leh highway in the Himalayan Mountains is one of the highest roadways in the world. The railways carry heavy goods and people over long distances quickly and cheaply. The railway network is well-developed over the plain areas. Indian network is well developed and it is the largest in Asia.
Since early days waterways were used for transportation. Waterways are the cheapest for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances. They are mainly of two types-inland waterways and sea routes.
Airway is the fastest way of transport developed in the early 20th century. It is the most expensive due to high cost of fuels. Where there is no roads and railways, airways are being used for transportation. For a long-distance, we also use airways.
Q 44 – What do you understand about Communication? Describe briefly.
Ans. Communication is the process of conveying messages to others. With the development of technology, new and fast modes of communication have developed. In the early age communication was very difficult for tehe distant places
With the development of postal departments, inland letter was used. For the urgent messages, telegrams were used which were an expensive television became vibrant means of communication.
In the modern age, with the development of inset, internet and mobile, communication has become an important means of communication. Through these means, people can be contacted anywhere in the world even in a few seconds. The world has now become a global society.
Q 45 – Identify the following pictures:
Ans. 1. Compact Settlement
2. Scattered Settlement
3. Metalled Road
4. Unmetalled Road