Class 11 Geography Practice Paper Fundamental of Physical Geography and India: Physical Environment

SECTION A – 1 Mark Each (Q1–Q17)

Multiple Choice Questions (Including Assertion–Reason Type)

Q 1 – The Earth’s axial tilt is mainly responsible for:

A. Tides
B. Seasons
C. Eclipses
D. Ocean currents

B. Seasons

Q 2. Which layer of the atmosphere has maximum ozone concentration?

A. Troposphere
B. Stratosphere
C. Mesosphere
D. Thermosphere

B. Stratosphere

Q 3. Assertion (A): Western disturbances bring winter rainfall to north-western India.

Reason (R): They originate over the Mediterranean Sea.

A. Both A and R are true and R explains A
B. Both true but R does not explain A
C. A true, R false
D. A false, R true

A. Both A and R are true and R explains A

Q 4. The deepest oceanic trench is associated with which plate boundary?

A. Divergent
B. Transform
C. Convergent
D. Passive

C. Convergent

Q 5. Which soil in India is most suitable for cotton cultivation?

A. Laterite

B. Alluvial

C. Black

D. Red

C. Black

Q 6. Assertion (A): Tropical cyclones weaken rapidly on land.

Reason (R): They lose moisture and latent heat supply.

A. Both A and R are true and R explains A

Q 7. The Coriolis force is zero at:

A. Equator
B. Tropic of Cancer
C. Poles
D. Mid-latitudes

A. Equator

Q 8. Which drainage pattern is common in the Deccan Plateau?

A.Radial

B. Dendritic

C. Trellis

D. Rectangular

B. Dendritic

Q 9. Which mineral is associated with the Singhbhum belt?

A. Coal

B. Iron ore

C. Petroleum

D. Bauxite

B. Iron ore

Q 10. Assertion (A): The Himalayas block cold continental winds from Central Asia.

Reason (R): They act as a climatic divide for India.

A. Both A and R are true and R explains A

Q 11. The phenomenon of El Niño affects Indian monsoon by:

A. Strengthening it

B. No effect

C. Weakening it

D. Causing cyclones

Q 12. Which river flows through a rift valley in India?

A. Ganga

B. Yamuna

C. Narmada

D. Godavari

C.  Narmada

Q 13. Assertion (A): Laterite soils are rich in iron and aluminium.

Reason (R): They are formed due to intense leaching in high rainfall areas.

A. Both A and R are true and R explains A

Q 14. Which type of cloud is associated with thunderstorms?

A. Cirrus
B. Stratus
C. Cumulonimbus
D. Nimbostratus

C. Cumulonimbus

Q 15. The main source of groundwater recharge is:

A. Evaporation

B. Condensation

C. Infiltration

D. Transpiration

C. Infiltration

Q 16. Which pass connects India with Tibet?

A. Shipki La

B. Nathula

C. Rohtang

D. Banihal

B. Nathula

Q 17. Assertion (A): Mangroves are found in deltaic regions.

Reason (R): They grow in saline and tidal environments.

A. Both A and R are true and R explains A

SECTION B – Source Based Questions (3 Marks Each)

Q 18–Q 19

Q 18. Source:

“The Indian monsoon is influenced by differential heating of land and sea, ITCZ shift and jet streams.”

Questions:
a) Name the jet stream influencing Indian monsoon.
b) What is ITCZ?
c) Mention one impact of monsoon variability.

a) Tropical Easterly Jet
b) Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
c) Floods or droughts

Q 19. Source:

“The Peninsular Plateau is composed of ancient crystalline rocks.”

Questions:
a) Name the oldest landmass of India.
b) One economic importance of the plateau.
c) One major river originating here.

a) Peninsular Plateau
b) Rich in minerals
c) Godavari / Krishna

SECTION C – Short Answer Questions (3 Marks Each)

Q 20–Q 23

Q 20. Explain any three factors affecting the distribution of natural vegetation.

The distribution of natural vegetation depends on the following factors:

  1. Climate: Temperature and rainfall determine the type and density of vegetation. Tropical regions support dense forests, while arid regions have sparse vegetation.
  2. Soil: Fertile soils support rich vegetation, whereas sandy or saline soils restrict plant growth.
  3. Relief: Slope and altitude affect soil depth and moisture. Mountain slopes have different vegetation at different heights.

Q 21. Describe three characteristics of tropical cyclones.

a. Low-pressure centre: Tropical cyclones develop around a deep low-pressure area, causing air to move inward.

b. Spiral wind movement: Winds rotate anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

c. Heavy rainfall: They bring intense rainfall leading to floods, storm surges and destruction in coastal areas.

Q 22. Why is the Ganga plain densely populated? (Any three reasons)

  1. Fertile alluvial soil: The plain is enriched by river deposits, making it ideal for agriculture.
  2. Flat terrain: Flat land supports easy construction of settlements, transport and farming.
  3. Availability of water: Rivers, canals and groundwater ensure sufficient water for domestic and agricultural use.

Q 23. Explain the concept of weathering with one example.

Weathering is the in-situ disintegration and decomposition of rocks without movement.
Example: Frost weathering occurs when water enters rock cracks, freezes, expands and breaks the rock into fragments.

SECTION D – Long Answer Questions (5 Marks Each)

Q 24–Q 28

Q 24. Explain the structure of the Earth with a neat diagram description.

The Earth is composed of three concentric layers:

  1. Crust:
    • Outermost and thinnest layer
    • Continental crust (sial) and oceanic crust (sima)
  2. Mantle:
    • Lies below the crust
    • Made of silicate minerals rich in iron and magnesium
    • Source of magma
  3. Core:
    • Innermost layer
    • Composed mainly of nickel and iron (nife)
    • Divided into outer liquid core and inner solid core

Responsible for Earth’s magnetic field

Q 25. Describe the mechanism of Indian monsoon.

The Indian monsoon is explained by the following mechanisms:

  1. Differential heating: Land heats faster than sea creating low pressure over India in summer.
  2. Shift of ITCZ: ITCZ shifts northward towards the Tropic of Cancer during summer.
  3. Jet streams: The Tropical Easterly Jet strengthens the southwest monsoon winds.
  4. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Weakens monsoon during El Niño years.

Ocean–atmosphere interaction: Indian Ocean Dipole affects rainfall distribution.

Q 26. Discuss the classification of soils in India.

Indian soils are classified into the following major types:

  1. Alluvial soil: Found in river plains; very fertile
  2. Black soil: Clayey, moisture-retentive; ideal for cotton
  3. Red soil: Rich in iron, poor in nitrogen
  4. Laterite soil: Formed by leaching; found in high rainfall areas
  5. Arid soil: Sandy and saline; found in desert regions

Forest soil: Found in mountainous regions

Q 27. Explain the formation of landforms by running water.

Running water forms landforms through erosion, transportation and deposition:

  1. Erosional landforms: V-shaped valleys, gorges, potholes
  2. Transportation: Rivers carry sediments downstream
  3. Depositional landforms: Floodplains, levees, deltas and meanders

These processes are most active in different stages of a river.

Q 28. Describe the Himalayan drainage system.

The Himalayan drainage system consists of three major river systems:

  1. Indus system: Originates near Mansarovar; long course through arid regions
  2. Ganga system: Perennial river fed by glaciers; forms fertile plains
  3. Brahmaputra system: Large volume of water; causes floods in Assam

These rivers are perennial and form extensive floodplains.

SECTION E – Map Based Questions (5 Marks Each)

Q 29–Q30

Q 29. On the outline map of India, locate and label:

a) Karakoram Range – Northernmost mountain range beyond Himalayas
b) Thar Desert – Western Rajasthan
c) River Tapi – Flows westward between Narmada and Godavari
d) Chilika Lake – Odisha coast
e) Iron ore belt – Odisha–Jharkhand belt

(India: Physical Environment)

1. Karakoram Range

📍 Location to mark:

  • Extreme north of India, north of Ladakh
  • Along the India–China–Pakistan border

✍️ Tip: Mark above the Great Himalayas.

2. Thar Desert

📍 Location to mark:

  • Western Rajasthan
  • Along the India–Pakistan border

✍️ Tip: Shade lightly in western Rajasthan.

3. River Tapi (Tapti)

📍 Location to mark:

  • Origin: Satpura Range (Madhya Pradesh)
  • Flow direction: East to West
  • Mouth: Arabian Sea near Surat

✍️ Tip: Draw a short west-flowing river below Narmada.

4. Chilika Lake

📍 Location to mark:

  • Odisha coast
  • Near Bay of Bengal, south of Mahanadi delta

✍️ Tip: Small oval shape on Odisha coastline.

5. Iron Ore Belt (Odisha–Jharkhand Belt)

📍 Location to mark:

  • Northern Odisha + Southern Jharkhand
  • Around Keonjhar–Mayurbhanj region

✍️ Tip: Mark with a dot or small shaded area.

Q 30. On the world map, locate:

a) Pacific Ring of Fire – Circum-Pacific plate boundaries
b) Equator – 0° latitude
c) Tropic of Capricorn – 23½° South
d) Mid-Atlantic Ridge – Divergent plate boundary
e) Mediterranean Sea – Between Europe, Africa and Asia

1. Pacific Ring of Fire

📍 Location to mark:

  • Along the edges of the Pacific Ocean

  • Around Japan, Philippines, New Zealand, West coasts of North & South America

✍️ Tip: Draw a curved belt around Pacific margins.

2. Equator (0° Latitude)

📍 Location to mark:

  • Horizontal line at 0° latitude

  • Passing through Ecuador, Congo, Indonesia

✍️ Tip: Draw straight line at centre of world map.

3. Tropic of Capricorn (23½° South)

📍 Location to mark:

  • South of Equator

  • Passing through Australia, South Africa, Brazil

✍️ Tip: Parallel line below Equator.

4. Mid-Atlantic Ridge

📍 Location to mark:

  • Centre of Atlantic Ocean

  • Between South America and Africa

✍️ Tip: Broken zig-zag line in middle of Atlantic.

5. Mediterranean Sea

📍 Location to mark:

  • Between Europe (north) and Africa (south)

  • East of Atlantic Ocean

✍️ Tip: Shade the sea lightly.

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