Q 1. Who was African –American?
Afro-Americans, Black Americans, or Blacks are the terms used to refer mainly to the descendants of Africans who were brought into America as Silver between the 17th century and the early 19th century.
Q 2. What was the Black Power Movement?
The Black Power Movement emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975 which was a more militant anti-racist movement, advocating even violence if necessary to end racism in the Us.
Q 3. What is a homogeneous society? give two examples.
A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences. For example, Germany and Sweden.
Q 4. What is migration? what is its impact?
Shifting of people from one region to another with in-country or to anther country usually for work or other economics opportunities is known as migration.
The process of migration is converting homogeneous countries to heterogeneous countries because migrants bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social community.
Q 5. What was the civil rights movement?
It was a reform launched by martin Luther to abolish legal racial discrimination against African – Americans.
Q 6. What are overlapping social differences?
When one social difference overlaps another difference it is Known as overlapping social difference.
Q 7. Discuss the role of political parties in the determination of the outcomes of social division.
(i) The outcome depends on how leaders of political parties raise the demands of any community
(ii) It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework.
(iii) They are not at the cost of another community.
(iv) For example the demand for ‘only Sinhala’ was at the cost of the interest and identity of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka.
(v) In Yugoslavia the leaders of different ethnic communities presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated within a single country.
Q 8. What is the ethnic composition of the northern Netherlands?
(i) Protestants-53% (ii) Roman Catholics-44%
Q 9. What are cross-cutting social differences?
When one social issue cross-cuts another social issue, it is known as cross-cutting social differences.
Q 10. Which kind of social differences creates possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions?
Overlapping social divisions.
Q 11. “The combination of politics and Social divisions is very dangerous as it may lead to conflict, violence, or even disintegration of a country. ” Give one example.
political competition along religious ending ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent states.
Q 12. Most of the social differences are based on an accident of birth’ Explain?
The social difference is mostly based on the accident of birth. Normally we don’ Choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. We all experience social differences based on the accident of birth in our everyday lives. People around us are male or Female’ they are tall and short, have different kinds of complexions or have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities.
Q 13. How are the social divisions reflected in Political? Explain.
(i) Political parties talk about social divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.
(ii) Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer a party more than others. In many countries, there are parties that focus only on one community.
Q 14. Explain the civil Rights Movement in the USA.
(i) Civil Rights Movement in the USA (1954-1968) refers to a set of events and reform movements aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination agents African–Americans.
(ii) Led by Martin Luther King Jr., this movement practiced non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices.
(iii) The movement inspired many nationalists to raise the issue of racial discrimination at the international level. Inspired by the movement, Tommie smith and john carols raised the issue of racial discrimination in the Mexican Olympics.
Q 15. When did the Civil Rights Movement in the USA take place?
The Civil Rights Movement in the USA was carried out during 1954-1968.
Q 16. What led to the Civil Rights Movement in the USA?
It was against the racially discriminatory laws and practices that were being followed in the USA.
Q 17. What do you understand by the Black Power?
It was a movement that emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975 which was a more militant anti-racist movement, advocating even violence if necessary to end racism in the US.
Q 18. What is a Homogeneous Society?
A homogeneous society is a society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences.
Q 19. What was the result of political competition along religious and ethnic lines?
Political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
Q 20. How can social divisions become more threatening? Give one example.
If the rulers try to suppress the reasonable demands of minority communities, social divisions become more threatening as has happened in Sri Lanka.
Q 21. Taking the example of Carlos, SmitKand Peter Norman, analyze how do social differences divide similar people from one another but also unite very different people.
Or
Every social difference does not lead to social division.” Explain.
- It is true that every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.
- People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups.
- In the case of Carlos, Smith and Peter Norman, Carlos and Smith were similar in one way i.e., both were African–American and thus different from Norman who was white.
- They were also similar in other ways – they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination.
- It is also fairly common for people belonging to same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community due to different castes or sects. Similarly it is possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.
- Rich and poor persons from the same family do not have close relations with each other. They feel that they are different. It is all due to the fact that all the persons have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.
Q 22. Differentiate between social difference and social division with the help of examples.
- A social difference exists in every society. People do have differences based on language, caste, religion, region, economic status, profession or any other issue. People are discriminated against on these basis of social, economic and racial inequality.
- On the other hand, a social division would mean that the differences overlap. For example if one belongs to a ‘lower caste’, race, religion, class or ethnic group, he will be treated as inferior, will be discriminated against, and be subjected to harsh treatment. For example in the US earlier the division existed between blacks and whites. Blacks were poor, homeless. They were discriminated. Even law was against them. The same can be said about low castes in India
(though our constitution prohibits it). - Social differences can be easily accommodated with some reservation policies. But social division sometimes lead to political division of the country.
Q 23. In a democracy, competition can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.” Explain with examples.
Or
Give negative effects in which social divisions affect politics
It is a fact that if social divisions are changed to political divisions, they can have negative effects. Take the example of Northern Ireland.
- Its population is divided into Protestants – 53 percent and Roman Catholics – 44 percent. These are represented by the Nationalists and Unionists. Nationalists demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland a predominantly Catholic country. But the Unionists wanted to remain with the UK, a predominantly Protestant.
- This resulted in a fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists. Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed. It was only in 1998, that the UK government and the Nationalists reached an agreement. As a result of treaty the struggle was suspended.
- In another case of Yugoslavia, the political competition along the religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
- Thus social divisions can have negative effects on politics.
Q 24. Who is a migrant?
Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other economic opportunities.
Q 25. What is the basis of social differences?
- Social differences are based on accident of birth.
- Some differences are also based on our choice. For example which religion to follow or what to study or to adopt a profession.
Q 26. How is the population of Northern Ireland divided into two major sects? What is their percentage in the population?
- Christianity :
- Protestants – 53 per cent
- Roman catholics – 44 percent.
Q 27. Why did Tommie smith and john Carlos receive their medals wearing black socks and no shoes?
To represent black poverty and to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.
Q 28. What action was taken against the athletes who raised the civil Rights issues at Mexico Olympics?
The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic Spirit by making a political statement. Their medals were taken back. Home, they were subjected to a lot of criticism. Norman too suffered for his action and was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.
Q 29. What type of society exists in Sweden and Germany?
Homogeneous.
Q 30. When does a social difference become a Social division? Explain any three situations. ?
- Most of the countries of the world are heterogeneous or multi-culture. India is a vast country with many religions and communities living side by side.
- Belgium a small country is also a multi-cultural country.
- Even those countries such as Germany and Sweden, that were once highly homogeneous, are undergoing rapid change with the influx of people from other parts of the world. Migrants bring with them their own culture, and tend to from a different social community.