Q 1 – What is the basic function of secondary activities or manufacturing?
Ans. The basic function of secondary activities or manufacturing is to change raw materials into products of more value to people.
Q 2 – what is the paper made up from?
Ans. The paper is made up of pulp.
Q 3 – Name the classification of industries on the basis of raw material used by them.
Ans. The industries classified on the basis of raw materials used by them are:
- Agro-based industries
- Mineral-based industries
- Marine based industries
- Forest-based industries
Q 4 – By whom are the private sector industries owned and operated?
Ans. Private-sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
Q 5 – What does an industrial system consist of?
Ans. An industrial system consists of input, processes and outputs.
Q 6 – How does an industrial region emerge?
Ans. Industrial region emerges when a number of industries are located close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness.
Q 7 – What is meant by industrial disaster?
Ans. In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical failure or irresponsible handling of hazardous material. This is known as an industrial disaster.
Q 8 – Define Sunrise Industries
Ans. Emerging industries are also known as ‘Sunrise Industries’. These include Information technology, Wellness, Hospitality and Knowledge.
Q 9 – Define the process ‘smelting’.
Ans. It is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating beyond the melting point.
Q 10 – What is the full form of TISCO?
Ans. TISCO: Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited.
Q 11 – On what basis are industries classified?
Ans. Industries are classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.
Q 12 – Under which category is the production of automobiles and heavy machinery is placed?
Ans. Under large scale industry.
Q 13 – What may be the inputs in the case of the textile industry?
Ans. In the case of the textile industry, the inputs may be cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost.
Q 14 – What was the official death total in 1989 in the Bhopal tragedy?
Ans. Official death total was 3,598 in 1989.
Q 15 – What is MIC?
Ans. MIC is Methyl Isocyanate gas responsible for the gas tragedy of Bhopal.’
Q 16 – Which is the major IT hub of India?
Ans. Bengaluru.
Q 17 – Where was TISCO started?
Ans. It was started in Sakchi.
Q 18 – What is the date of the Bhopal gas tragedy?
Ans. On 3rd December 1984.
Q 19 – Which industries use produce from the sea and oceans as raw materials?
Ans. Marine based industries.
Q 20 – In which part of the world is silicon valley located?
Ans. It is located next to the rocky mountains of North America.
Q 21 – Why was Sakchi chosen to set up the steel plant? Give reasons.
Ans. Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons:
- the place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line.
- It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a large market.
- TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Odisha and Chattisgarh.
- The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply. Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.
Q 22 – What was the ideal location for the iron and steel industry before 1800 A.D and after 1950 how did the concept for the ideal location of iron and steel industries change?
Ans. Before 1800 A.D. iron and steel industry was located where raw materials, power supply and running water were easily available. Later, the ideal location for the industry was near coal fields and close to canals and railways.
After 1950, the iron and steel industry began to be located on large areas of flat land near seaports. This is because by this time steelworks had become very large and iron ore had to be imported from overseas.
Q 23 – How is steel used by other industries as raw materials?
Ans. Steel is used by other industries as raw material in many ways.
- Steel is tough and it can be easily shaped, cut, or made into wire.
- Special alloys of steel can be made by adding a small amount of other metals such as aluminium, nickel and copper.
- Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness or ability to resist rust.
- Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.
Q 24 – Define the concept of industrial system briefly.
Ans. An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and cost of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products. The outputs are the end products and the income earned from them.
In the case of the textile industry, the inputs may be cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing. The output is the shirt you wear.
Q 25 – What does the concept of the information technology industry deal in and which are the Major hubs of the IT industry?
Ans. The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information. Today, this industry has become global. This is due to a series of technological, political and socio eco¬nomic events.
The main factors guiding the location of these industries are resource availability, cost and infrastructure. The major hubs of the IT industry are Silicon Valley, California and Bengaluru, India.
Q 26 – How is the classification of industries done on the basis of raw materials size and ownership? Explain.
Ans. Industries are classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership:
- Raw materials: Industries may be agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based and forest-based depending on the type of raw materials used by them.
- Agro-based industries: These industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials.
- Mineral-based industries: These industries use mineral ores as their raw materials, and the products of these industries feed other industries.
- Marine based industries: They use the products from the sea and oceans as raw materials.
- Forest-based industries: It utilises forest produce as raw materials.
2. Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production. Based on the size, industries can be classified into small scale and large scale industries.
- Small scale industry: Cottage or household industries are a type of small scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans. These industries use lesser amount of capital and technology as compared to large scale industry.
- Large scale industry: These are industries that produce large volumes of products. Investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior in large scale industries.
3. Ownership: Industries can be classified into the private sector, state-owned or public sector, joint sector and cooperative sector.
- Private-sector industries: These are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
- Public sector industries: These are owned and operated by the government.
- Joint sector industries: These are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
- Cooperative sector industries: The are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.
Q 27 – Look at the picture given below and answer the following questions:
Picture-1
(i) What does the above picture show?
(ii) Where was the iron and steel industry located before 1800 A.D.?
Ans. (i) It shows the changing location of iron and steel industry.
(ii) Before 1800 A.D. iron and steel industry was located where raw materials, power supply and running water were easily available.
Picture-2
(i) Name the major railway station shown in the figure.
(ii) What does the picture show?
Ans. (i) Tatanagar railway station.
(ii) It shows the location of iron and steel industry in Jamshedpur.
Q 28 – On an outline Map of World show the major iron ore producing areas.
(i) Brazil
(ii) South Africa
(iii) Australia
(iv) Germany
(v) India
Ans.
Q 29 – On an outline Map of World show the important iron and steel producing centres.
(i) Jharkhand
(ii) Odisha
iii) Chhattisgarh
(iv) West Bengal
Ans.
Q 30 – Write a short note on Mineral based industries.
Ans. Mineral-based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The products of these industries feed other industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of mineral-based industry. This is used as raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products, such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.
Q 31 – What are marine-based industries?
Ans. Marine based industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Examples of Marine based industries are processing seafood or manufacturing fish oil.
Q 32 – Industries can be classified on the basis of ownership, explain.
Ans. Industries can be classified into 4 sectors in relation to the ownership of the concerned industry. Private sector: Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
- State-owned or public sector: The public sector industries are owned and operated by the government. Joint sector: Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
- Cooperative sector: Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.
Q 33 – What are the inputs, processes and outputs of a textile industry?
Ans. The inputs, processes and output of the textile industry are……
1. Input Cotton is the main raw material that is used in this industry.
2. Other inputs needed are human labour, machinery, infrastructural facilities etc.
3. The process includes ginning or separating cotton from the seed, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing. Output The fabric that is manufactured by the factory is the output.
Q 34 – Mention the major industrial regions of the world
Ans. Major industrial regions of the world are …..
- Eastern North America
- Western and Central Europe
- Eastern Europe
- Eastern Asia.
Q 35 – Mention the industrial regions of India.
Ans. Industrial Regions of India
- Mumbai – Pune Industrial Region,
- Bangalore – Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region,
- Ahmedabad – Baroda region
- Chottanagpur – Industrial region,
- Vishakhapatnam – Gunter region,
- Gurgaon – Delhi – Meerut region
- Kollam – Thiruvanathapuram Industrial region.
Q 36 – Write a note on the Chernobyl disaster.
Ans. The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Soviet Union. It was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history.
On 26th April 1986, a nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl plant exploded. Further explosions and the resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area. Nearly thirty to forty times more fallout was released than had been by the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Large areas in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated, resulting in the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people. The accident raised concerns about the safety of the nuclear power industry.
Q 37 – Mention some of the risk-reducing measures that have to be adopted by nuclear power industries.
Ans. Risk Reduction Measures that have to be adopted by industries are…………..
Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the industrial areas.
People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of the storage of toxins or hazardous substances and their possible effect in case an accident occurs
Fire warning and the fighting systems should be improved.
The storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.
Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be improved
Q 38 – What are the stages involved in converting iron ore into steel?
Ans. There are 3 stages in converting iron ore into steel.
Stage 1
Iron Ore, coal and limestone are put in a blast furnace and melted to extract the metal. This process is called smelting.
Stage 2
The iron that is extracted from the furnace is refined. This extract is called steel.
Stage 3
The steel is then cast as billets or slabs. These billets and slabs are used by other industries as raw materials.
Q 39 – What are the factors that helped Ahmedabad become a textile centre.
Ans. Factors that helped the city become a textile centre
- Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton-growing area; hence the major raw material is easily available.
- The humid climate is ideal for spinning and weaving.
- The flat terrain and easy availability of land are suitable for the establishment of the mills.
- The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-skilled labour.
- Well developed road and railway networks permit easy transportation of textiles to different parts of the country, thus providing easy access to the market.
- The Mumbai port which is situated nearby facilitates the import of machinery and export of cotton textiles
Q 40 – Expand AMUL. Where is its headquarters?
Ans. Anand Milk Union Limited. Its headquarters are in Anand, Gujarat
Q 41 – Name an industrial region in northern India.
Ans. The Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region is an industrial region in northern India.
Q 42 – What is smelting?
Ans. Smelting is the process in which metals one extracted from their ores by heating beyond the melting point
Q 43 – Define industry
Ans. The industry refers to economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of services
Q 44 – What does information technology deal in?
Ans. Information technology deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information.
Q 45 – Name three common methods of classifying industries
Ans. Industries are classified according to the raw material used, size and ownership
Q 46 – What are the inputs of an industrial system?
Ans. The inputs of an industrial system are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.
Q 47 – Why is Bangalore also known as the ‘Silicon Plateau’?
Ans. Bangalore is located on the Deccan Plateau. Therefore, it is known as the ‘Silicon Plateau’.
Q 48 – What is the link between the mines and the industry in Pittsburgh?
Ans. The Great Lakes of North America lie between the mines and industrial plants in Pittsburgh
Q 49 – What industries have started replacing the textile industry in Osaka?
Ans. Iron and steel, machinery, shipbuilding, automobiles, electrical equipment and the cement industry have begun to replace the textile industry in Osaka.
Q 50 – What products do industrial plants in Jamshedpur produce?
Ans. Industrial plants produce chemicals, locomotive parts, agricultural equipment, machinery, tinplate etc.
Q 51 – How do industrial regions emerge?
Ans. Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their Closeness
Q 52 – Why was the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) set up at Sakchi, in Jamshedpur. Give Reasons.
Ans. There were several reasons behind this:
• Sakchi was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal–Nagpur railway line.
• It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a large market.
• TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Orissa and Chhattisgarh. These places are close to Sakchi.
• The Kharki and Subarnarekha rivers are close to Sakchi, which ensured sufficient water supply
Q 53 – Describe briefly the classification of industries on basis of ownership
Ans. On the basis of ownership, industries are classified into the private sector, state-owned (public sector), joint sector and cooperative sector.
• Private sector industries are owned by individuals or a group of individuals
• Public sector industries are owned by the government.
• Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals. Maruti Udyog is an example of such an industry.
• Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or\ both. AMUL is one such industry.
Q 54 – Mention the main factors that influence the location of an industry
Ans. The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market. Industries are situated where some or all of these factors are easily available. Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in the backward areas.
Q 55 – Describe briefly the classification of industries on basis of raw material used
Ans. On the basis of raw material used, industries are classified into agro, mineral, marine and forest-based.
• The raw material of agro-based industries consists of plant and animal-based products. Some examples are food processing, cotton textile industry and leather industry.
• The raw material used in mineral-based industries consists of mineral ores. An example: the iron and steel industry.
• Marine-based industries use products obtained from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Seafood industry is one Such industry.
• A forest-based industry uses forest produce as raw material. Examples are the paper industry and Furniture.
Q 56 – What does an industrial system consists of?
Ans. An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. The processes include a wide range of activities that convert raw material into finished products the outputs are the end product and the income earned from it Bangalore has the largest number of educational institutions and IT colleges in India.
• The city was considered dust-free with low rents and low cost of living.
• The state government of Karnataka was the first to announce an IT Policy in 1992.
• The city has the largest and widest availability of skilled managers with work experience
Q 57 –Give examples of industrial regions in India and the world.
Ans. The major industrial areas of the world are:
• Eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia.
• In India, major industrial regions are the Mumbai-Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chhotanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the KollamThiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.
Q 58 – Write the properties and significance of steel.
Ans. Steel has these properties: it is tough, it can easily be shaped (malleability), cut or made into wire (ductility).
- Adding certain other elements makes it harder, tougher, and rust-retention capability.
- Steel is the backbone of modern industry. We use a lot of steel objects in daily life. Ships, trains and most other vehicles, tiny needles and safety pins, machinery and equipment, buildings, etc utilise steel as a main or sole constituent
Q 59 – Why is Osaka known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’?
Ans. Osaka is known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’ because it is an important textile centre of the country. The textile industry developed in Osaka due to several geographical factors. The extensive plain around Osaka ensured that land was easily available for the growth of cotton mills. Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving. The river Yodo provides sufficient water for the mills. Labour is easily available. Location of port facilitates import of raw cotton and for exporting textiles. The textile industry at Osaka depends entirely upon imported raw materials which it gets from Egypt, India, China and USA. The finished product is mostly exported and had a good market due to good quality and low price.
Q 60 – Describe the cotton textile industry with special reference to its history and spread in India.
Ans. Cotton is a natural fibre crop. The cotton textile industry is the industry that involves making clothes out of the fibre. It is one of the oldest industries of the world. India has a glorious history of producing excellent quality cotton textiles. The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Vadodara and Surat had world-famous quality and design. The traditional Indian cotton textile industry, however, could not compete with the Western textile mills, due to the high cost of handwoven textile. The process involved, moreover, was time-consuming.
- The first successful mechanised textile mill in India was established in Mumbai in 1854. The factors that led to the success were the warm and moist climate, the presence of a nearby port for importing machinery, the availability of raw material and skilled labour. Humidity was the main reason why the industry was initially limited to Maharashtra and Gujarat. Today the industry has spread to various other parts of the country, due to the artificial production of humidity. The important cotton textile centres are in Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Puducherry and Panipat.