Q 1 – Mention the physical properties of minerals.
Ans – Colour, density and hardness.
Q 2 – Write any one chemical property of minerals.
Ans – Solubility.
Q 3 – Classify the minerals on the basis of the composition.
Ans – Metallic and non-metallic.
Q 4 – Into which two types can metallic minerals be divided.
Ans – Ferrous
(ii) Non-ferrous.
Q 5 – How are minerals extracted?
Ans – Minerals are extracted by mining, drilling or quarrying.
Q 6 –Which continent produces more than half of the world’s tin?
Ans – Asia.
Q 7 – Which countries are the leading producers of tin in the world?
Ans – China, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Q 8 –Which country is the largest producer of high grade iron-ore?
Ans – Brazil.
Q 9 – Which countries of South America are the leading producers of copper?
Ans – Chile and Peru.
Q 10 – Which countries of South America are the world’s largest producers of tin?
Ans – Brazil and Bolivia.
Q 11 –Which two areas of Australia are rich in gold deposits?
Ans – Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie.
Q 12 – Which country is the largest producer and exporter of mica in the world?
Ans – India.
Q 13 – In which part of India deposits of gold are found?
Ans – Kolar in Karnataka.
Q 14 – Which minerals are obtained from quartz and bauxite?
Ans – Mineral obtained from quartz is silicon and aluminium from bauxite.
Q 15 – Into which two categories can power resources be classiÊed?
Ans – Conventional and non-conventional resources.
Q 16 – Name two main conventional energy sources.
Ans – Firewood and fossil fuels.
Q 17 – Give two examples of fossil fuels.
Ans – Coal, petroleum.
Q 18 – How is wind energy generated?
Ans – The high-speed winds rotate the windmill which is connected to a generator to produce electricity.
Q 19 – Name the greatest producers of nuclear power in the world. »
Ans – USA and Europe.
Q 20 – Where do geothermal plants are located in India?
Ans – (i) Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
(ii) Puga Valley in Ladakh.
Q 21 –Which type of resources are coal and petroleum?
Ans – Non-renewable.
Q 22 –What are minerals? How do they form?
Ans – A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a mineral. They are formed in different types of geological environments under varying conditions.
Q 23 –Write two characteristics of metals.
Ans – (i) Metals are hard substances that conduct heat and electricity.
(ii) They have a characteristic lustre or shine. For example, iron, aluminium, copper, etc.
Q 24 – Distinguish between open-cast mining and shaft mining.
Ans – 1. Open-cast mining: When minerals lie at shallow depths, they are taken out by removing the surface layer. This is called open-cast mining.
2. Shaft mining: When minerals lie at great depth deep bores, are made to extract. This is called shaft mining.
Q 25 – Certain minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Give three such examples.
Ans – 1. Iron-ore in north Sweden.
2. Copper and nickel in Ofitario, Canada.
3. Iron, nickel, chromites and platinum in South Africa.
Q 26 – Name the minerals found in sedimentary rocks along with their location.
Ans – 1. Limestone in the Caucasus region of France.
2. Manganese deposits of Georgia and Ukraine.
3. Phosphate beds of Algeria.
Q 27 – Name the minerals found in Europe.
Ans – (i) Iron-ore is found in Russia, Ukraine, Sweden and France.
(ii) Copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel are found in eastern Europe and European Russia.
Q 28 – Mention the three zones of North America where mineral deposits are located.
Ans – (i) The Canadian region north of the Great Lakes.
(ii) The Appalachian region.
(iii) The mountain ranges of the West.
Q 29 – Name the four countries of South America where mineral oil is found.
Ans – 1. Venezuela,
2. Argentina,
3. Chile,
4. Peru,
5. Columbia.
Q 30 – Write the minerals which have been predicted to be found in Antarctica.
Ans – 1. Deposits of coal in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains.
2. Iron near the Prince Charles Mountains of East Antarctica.
3. Iron-ore, gold, silver and oil are also present.
Q 31 – Where is iron found in India?
Ans – Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
Q 32 – In which states of India is bauxite found?
Ans – Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Q 33 – Write two advantages and disadvantages of petroleum.
Ans – Advantages of petroleum:
(i) It is easier to transport.
(ii) It is the basis of petrochemical industry.
Disadvantages of petroleum:
(i) Oxygen gets depleted due to oil spillage and gas leakage.
(ii) Pollutants released while burning, cause acid rain.
Q 34 –Write two advantages and disadvantages of firewood.
Ans – Advantages of firewood:
(i) It is easily accessible.
(ii) It provides energy to a large number of people.
Disadvantages of firewood:
(i) Collection of fire-wood is time-consuming.
(ii) It causes air pollution.
Q 35 – Write two merits and demerits of coal.
Ans – Advantages of coal:
(i) It is extensively available.
(ii) It can efficiently be converted into electricity.
Disadvantages of coal:
(i) It pollutes the environment.
(ii) It is bulky to transport.
Q 36 – How are fossil fuels formed?
Ans – Remains of plants and animals which are buried under the earth for millions of years get converted by the heat and pressure into fossil fuels.
Q 37 – Write four uses of coal.
Ans – (i) It is used as a domestic fuel.
(ii) It is used in industries such as iron and steel industry, brick industry etc.
(iii) Coal is used to run steam engines.
(iv) It is used to generate electricity.
Q 38 – Why is coal referred to as Buried Sunshine?
Ans – The coal was formed millions of years ago when giant ferns and swamps got buried under the layer of the earth. Therefore, coal is referred to as Buried Sunshine.
Q 39 – Name four coal producing countries of the world.
Ans – (i) China
(ii) USA,
(iii) Germany, (iv) Russia,
(v) South Africa,
(vi) France.
Q 40 – Name the major coal-producing areas of India.
Ans – Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad and Bokaro.
Q 41 – Name the products produced from crude oil.
Ans – Diesel, petrol, kerosene, wax, plastics and lubricants.
Q 42 – Name the chief petroleum-producing countries.
Ans – Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, USA, Russia, Venezuela and Algeria.
Q 43 – Name the leading oil producer states of India.
Ans – (i) Digboi in Assam.
(ii) Bombay High in Mumbai.
(iii) Deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers.
Q 44 – Where is natural gas found in India?
Ans – (i) Jaisalmer
(ii) Krishna-Godavari .delta
(iii) Tripura
(iv) Offshore in Mumbai
Q 45 – Name the leading producers of hydel power in the world.
Ans – Paraguay, Norway, Brazil and China.
Q 46 – Write one advantage and disadvantage of each tidal and nuclear energy.
Ans – Tidal energy – Advantage – It is non-polluting and inexhaustible.
Disadvantage – It destroys wildlife habitat. It is also difficult to harness tidal energy.
Nuclear energy – Advantage – It emits large amount of energy.
Disadvantage – It generates radioactive wastes.
Q 47 – Write the uses of solar energy.
Ans – (i) Solar energy is used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers.
(ii) It is also used for community lighting and traffic signals.
Q 48 – Name the countries which are noted for their wind energy production.
Ans – Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain are noted for their wind energy production.
Q 49 – How is nuclear power generated?
Ans – Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of radioactive elements like uranium and thorium. These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power.
Q 50 – In which states of India are deposits of uranium and thorium found?
Ans – Uranium is found in Rajasthan and Jharkhand. Thorium is found in the monozite sands of Kerala.
Q 51 – Name four hydel power stations of India.
Ans – 1.Bhakra Nangal
2. Gandhi Sagar
3. Nagarjuna Sagar
4. Damodar Valley
Q 52 – Mention the major nuclear power stations of India.
Ans – 1. Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu
2. Tarapur in Maharashtra
3. Rana Pratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan
4. Narora in Uttar Pradesh
5. Kaiga in Karnataka.
Q 53 – Write the uses of geothermal energy.
Ans – Geothermal energy in the form of hot springs is used for cool. Name the countries where geothermal plants are located.
1.USA has the world’s largest geothermal power plant.
2. New Zealand
3. Iceland
4. Philippines
5. Central America.
Q 54 – Describe the distribution of minerals in North America.
Ans 1–In North America mineral deposits are found in three zones:
(i) The Canadian Shield – Iron-ore, nickel, gold, uranium and copper are found.
(ii) Appalachian region – Coal
(iii) Western Cordilleras – Copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver
Q 55 – Africa is rich in mineral resources. Justify.
Ans – (i) Africa is the world’s largest producer of diamonds, gold and platinum.
(ii) South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zaire produce a large portion of the world’s gold.
(iii) Copper, iron ore, chromium, uranium, cobalt and bauxite are the other minerals found in Africa.
(iv) Oil is found in Nigeria, Libya and Angola.
Q 56 – Give a brief account of minerals found in Australia.
Ans – (i) Australia is the largest producer of bauxite in the world.
(ii) It is a leading producer of gold, diamond, iron ore, tin and nickel.
(iii) Rich deposits of copper, lead, zinc and manganese are also found.
(iv) Large deposits of gold are found in Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie.
Q 57 – Name two metallic and non-metallic minerals found in India. Also, mention the areas where they are found.
Ans – Two metallic minerals’of India are:
(i) Copper: It is found in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
(ii) Manganese: It is found in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Two non-metallic minerals of India are:
(i) Limestone: Major limestone producing states are Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
(ii) Salt: It is obtained from seas, lakes and rocks. Salt is extracted in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Q 58 – Why is conservation of minerals necessary? Mention two ways by which minerals can be conserved.
Ans – Conservation of minerals is important because:
(i) It takes thousands of years for the formation and concentration of minerals.
(ii) The rate of formation of minerals is much slow in comparison to their consumption.
Two ways by which minerals can be conserved are:
(i) To reduce the wastage in the process of mining.
(ii) Recycling of metals.
Q 59 – Write the advantages and disadvantages of hydel power.
Ans – Advantages:
(i) It does not cause environmental pollution.
(ii) It promotes irrigation and fishing.
(iii) It is cheap.
Disadvantages:
(i) It leads to the displacement of local community.
(ii) It is expensive to set-up a hydel power project.
(iii) It aÌects the natural Ëow of the rivers. It also causes excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir
Q 60 – Where are the reserves of natural gas found? Mention its uses. Also mention the major natural gas producing countries.
Ans – (i) Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface.
(ii) It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel.
(iii) The major natural gas producing countries are Russia, Norway, UK and Netherlands.
Q 61 – How is the hydel power produced?
Ans – Water stored in the dams is made to fall from heights. The falling water flows through pipes inside the dam over turbine blades placed at the bottom of the dam. The moving blades then turn the generator to produce electricity.
Q 62 – Why is there need for using non-conventional sources of energy?
Ans – (i) The sharp increase in the consump-tion of fossil fuels has led to their depletion at an alarming rate.
(ii) The toxic pollutants released from burning the fuels cause environmental pollution.
(iii) The conventional sources are non-renewable.
(iv) It takes millions of years for the formation of fossil fuels.
Therefore, there is need for using non-conventional sources such as solar energy, wind energy. These sources are renewable..
Q 63 – Write the advantages and disadvantages of wind energy.
Ans – Advantages:
(i) It does not cause environmental pollution.
(ii) Once the windmill is set up, the cost of production of electricity is less.
(iii) It is safe and does not leave any waste.
Disadvantages:
(i) It causes noise pollution.
(ii) Windmills are costly to set-up.
(iii) Windmills disturb radio and TV reception.
(iv) Windmills are harmful to birds.
Q 64 – What is biogas? How is it obtained? Write its two uses.
Ans – (i) Organic wastes such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas.
(ii) The organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is essentially a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.
Uses of biogas:
(a) Biogas is used for cooking and lightening.
(b) It produces huge amount of organic manure.
Q 65 – What is a mineral?
Ans – Minerals are found in the earth and are naturally occurring substances. They are not made by man. They are found in rocks and water. They are chemical substances and are made of elements.
Q 66 – What are the classifications of minerals?
Ans – Minerals can be classified as Metallic and Non – metallic minerals. Metallic minerals are further divided into Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
Q 67 – Write a brief note on salt.
Ans – Salt is produced in different forms:
- they are unrefined salt or sea salt, refined salt or table salt and iodized salt.
- Salt is a crystalline solid, white, pale pink or light grey in color.
- It is obtained by evaporation of sea water, usually in shallow basins warmed by sunlight.
It is also obtained from rock deposits. Salt is used in more than 14,000 commercial applications other than in cooking. It is used in the manufacture of pulp and paper and setting dyes in textiles and fabric. It is also used in producing soaps and detergents and for making snow-covered roads safe in winter.
Salt plays an essential role in our daily lives.
Q 68 – Mention a few minerals and their uses.
Ans –
- Gold, silver and platinum are used in the jewellery industry.
- Copper is used in the coin industry and for making pipes and wires.
- Silicon obtained from quartz is used in the computer industry.
- Aluminium obtained from bauxite ore is used in automobiles and airplanes, bottling industry, buildings and even in kitchen cookware.
Q 69 – What is wind power?
Ans – Wind power is the fastest-growing energy source in the world. A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, a turbine uses wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. The electricity is sent through transmission and distribution lines to a substation, then on to homes, business houses and schools.
Q 70 – What is biogas? How is it obtained? Write its two uses.
Ans – (i) Organic wastes such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas.
(ii) The organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is essentially a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.
Uses of biogas:
(a) Biogas is used for cooking and lighting.
(b) It produces a huge amount of organic manure.
Q 71 – Define minerals in brief and explain how they are formed without any human interference.
Ans – A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a mineral. Minerals are not evenly distributed over space.
They are concentrated in a particular area or rock formations. Some minerals are found in areas which are not easily accessible such as the Arctic ocean bed and Antarctica. Minerals are formed in different types of geological environments, under varying conditions. They are created by natural processes without any human interference. They can be identified on the basis of their physical properties such as colour, density, hardness and chemical properties such as solubility.
Q 72 – What is meant by Nuclear power? Explain the process how it is obtained. Also name the places of India where the nuclear power stations are located.
Ans – Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occurring radioactive elements like uranium and thorium. These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power. The greatest producers of nuclear power are the U.S.A and Europe. In India Rajasthan and Jharkhand have large deposits of Uranium. Thorium is found in large quantities in the Monazite sands of Kerala. The nuclear power stations in India are located in Kalapakkam in Tamil Nadu, Tarapur in Maharashtra, Ranapratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in U.P, and Kaiga in Karnataka.
Q 73 –On an outline Map of the World mark the following:
(i) Countries of Asia with large iron deposits.
(ii) The countries in Europe that are leading producer of iron-ore in the world.
Ans 1– (i) China and India
(ii) Russia, Swedan, Ukraine, France
Q 74 –On an outline Map of India mark the following.
(i) Iron distribution in the states of India
(ii) Major Bauxite producing states.
Ans 1– (i) Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
(ii) Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhatisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
