Q 1 – How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?.
Minerals in sedimentary rocks occur in beds or layers. They are accumulated and concentrated in horizontal strata, for example coal.
Q 2 – What are the two types of minerals according to occurrence in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in cracks, crevices, faults, or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins while the larger are called lodes.
Q 3 – What are placer deposits?
Certain mineral deposits that occur in sands of valley floors and the base of the hills as alluvial deposits are called placer deposits.
Q 4 – Name the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.
Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.
Q 5 – Which is the highest petroleum-producing area in India?
Mumbai High is the highest petroleum-producing area in India.
Q 6 – Name the gulf that provides ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy in India.
Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat provide ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy in India.
Q 7 – Why is there a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density found in minerals?
A wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lusture and density is found in minerals because a particular mineral is formed from a certain combination of elements and depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms.
Q 8 – Give three examples of metallic and three examples of non-metallic minerals.
Metallic minerals are- Iron- ore, Copper, Manganese, Nickel.
Non – Metallic Minerals – Limestone, Dolomite, Mica.
Q 9 – Name four important iron ore-producing states of India.
The four iron-ore producing states are:
1. Chattisgarh.
2. Jharkhand.
3. Orissa.
4. Karnataka.
Q 10 – Name four manganese ore-producing states of India.
The four manganese producing states are
(1) Karnataka
(2) Orissa
(3) Madhya Pradesh
(4) Maharashtra.
Q 11 – Name four bauxite-producing states.
The Bauxite producing state are:(1) Jharkhand, (2) Orissa, (3) Gujarat, (4) Maharashtra.
Q 12 – Name three states which are known for the production of mica.
Mica-producing states are: (1) Jharkhand, (2) Bihar, (3) Andhra- Pradesh.
Q 13 – What are conventional sources of energy?
The conventional sources of energy are Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Electricity.
Q 14 – Name six non-commercial sources of energy.
Non- commercial sources of energy are firewood, charcoal, cow dung and agricultural wastes, wood coal, and babool wood.
Q 15 – Distinguish Between Metallic and Non-metallic minerals.
Metallic Minerals:
1. They can be melted to obtain new products.
2. They are usually hard and have shines or luster of their own.
3. They are ductile and malleable.
4. They are generally associated with igneous rocks.
5. When hit, they do not get broken.
6. Example: Copper, iron, aluminimum, tin, silver, gold, manganese, etc.
Non- Metallic Minerals:
1. They do not yield new products on melting.
2. They are not so hard and have no shine or luster of their own.
3. They are not ductile and malleable.
4. They are generally associated with sedimentary rocks.
5. When hit, they may get broken into pieces.
6. Example: Sulphur, coal, mica, petroleum, salt, clay, marble etc.
Q 16 – Distinguish Between Commercial and Non-Commercial Energy.
Commercial Energy:
1. The sources of energy which are used by the people for commercial purposes.
2. The use of a commercial sources of energy can be used as an indicator of the economic development of the country.
3. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity are the major commercial sources of energy.
Non- Commercial Energy:
1. The sources of energy which are used by the people for home consumption.
2. The use of non-commercial sources of energy can be used an indicator of the living standard of the country.
3. Firewood, charcoal, cow-dung and agriculture waste are the major non-commercial sources of energy.
Q 17 – Distinguish between Anthracite and Bituminous Coal.
Anthracite:
1. This is the best quality of coal.
2. It contains 90 to 95% if carbon content in it.
3. It is generally formed when the beds of coal are subject to extreme pressure and heat to the earth movements.
Bituminous Coal:
1. It is the second in quality.
2. It contains 60 to 80% carbon in it.
3. It is widely used.
Q 18 – Distinguish between Natural Gas and Bio Gas.
Natural Gas:
1. It is used as a source of power in urban areas.
2. It is also used as raw materials in petro chemical industries.
3. It takes less time in establishing a power plant.
4. Fertilizers are also produced by natural gas.
5. Its transportation is very easy. It is transported through pipeline.
Bio Gas:
1. It is used mostly in rural areas.
2. It is not used as raw material.
3. It is derived from farm shrubs, farm wastes animal and human wastes.
4. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, charcoal, etc.
5. Biogas plants are set up on a Municipal, cooperative and individual basis.
Q 19 – Describe the distribution of iron ore in India.
Iron –ore is the backbone of modern cultivation. It is used for manufacturing machines and tools. India has about 20% of the world’s reserves of iron ore. Most of the iron-ore mined in the country came from Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Goa and Karnataka. Some well-known iron-ore mines are in Durg and Dantiwar- a district of Chattisgarh, Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and Sundargarh, Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj district of Orissa, North Goa, Chikmagalur and Bellary district of Karnataka.
Q 20 – Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
It is true that solar energy has a bright future in India because
a. India is blessed with plenty of solar energy because most parts of the country receive bright monsoon sunshine.
b. India has developed technology to use solar energy for cooking, water heating, space heating, crop drying etc.
c. It is a most abundant, inexhaustible, and universal source of energy.
d. India is a tropical country.
e. It is pollution-free.
Q 21 – How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some extent in India? Give your opinion.
Solar energy can solve the energy problem in India to some extent in the following ways:
1) India is a tropical country and it has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.
2) It is the cleanest form of energy available free of cost.
3) It minimizes the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes.
Q 22 – Name the non-metallic mineral which can split easily into thin sheets. Mention its uses.
Mica can easily split into thin sheets. It has excellent di-electric strength, low- power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage.
The following are the uses of mica.
- It is used in electronics and electric industries as insulators.
- It is used in paints.
- It is used in toothpaste and cosmetics to give them shiny appearance.
Q 23 – Why is solar energy fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas of India? Explain.
Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas of India because of the following reasons.
- It is one of the best forms of non-conventional sources of energy.
- It is not very expensive to install photovoltaic technology which converts solar light into solar energy.
- Tapping solar energy will reduce the dependence of dung cakes and will provide adequate manure for agriculture.
Q 24 – ‘Minerals are unevenly distributed in India.’ Explain with three examples.
Minerals are unevenly distributed in India. This can be explained by giving the following examples.
- Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and other non-metallic minerals.
- Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern sides of the peninsula in Gujarat and Assam have rich petroleum deposits.
- Rajasthan, together with the peninsular region, has reserves of non-ferrous minerals24
Q 25 – What is the use of manganese? Name the largest manganese-ore producing state in India.
- Manganese is used in manufacture of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.
- It is used in manufacturing bleaching powder.
- It is a raw material in manufacturing insecticides.
- It is also used in making paints.
Q 26 – How is solar energy becoming popular in rural and remote areas of India? Explain.
Solar energy is becoming popular in rural and remote areas of India because of the following reasons:
- It has reduced the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes.
- It has been able to reduce environment pollution to a great extent.
- Dung cakes used earlier are now utilised for increasing fertility of the soil.
- Being abundant in nature it is available all through the year.
- Moreover tapping of solar energy is not expensive and thus is preferred by all.
- It can be stored and used later.
Q 27 – Why is there a pressing need to use non-conventional sources of energy in India? Explain any three reasons.
The given statement can be justified by the following arguments.
- Increased consumption of energy resources has increased our dependence on fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
- There are uncertainties about the energy supplies in future because of their potential shortages.
- Use of non-renewable sources have serious consequences on the growth of national economy as they are getting expensive day by day.
- Above all, non-renewable sources pose a great threat in the form of pollution and other environmental issues.
- Solar, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material can thus, be proved advantageous in long run.
Q 28 – ‘Solar energy is expected to play an important role in India.’ Give three arguments in support of the statement.
Solar energy is expected to play an important role in India because of the following reasons:
- India being a tropical country gets sufficient amount of sunlight throughout the year.
- It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy and converting it directly into electricity.
- It can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels for energy consumption.
- Its set up is low cost and it can provide sufficient amount of energy for daily needs of people in India.
Q 29 – Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India.
The importance of petroleum is as follows:
- It provides fuel for heating and lighting.
- It provides lubricants for machinery and raw materials for many manufacturing industries.
- Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textiles, fertilizer and chemical industries.
The occurrence of petroleum in India:
- Most of the petroleum in India is found in anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
- In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
- The oil-bearing layer is porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from sinking or rising by intervening non-porous layers.
Q 30 – ‘Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.’ Support the statement with examples.
Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. The statement can be supported by giving the following examples.
- Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals. The railways lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made of minerals.
- Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes manufactured from minerals are run by power resources derived from the earth.
- Even the food we eat contains minerals. Although our minerals intake represents only about 0.3% of our total intake of nutrients, they are so potent and so important that without them we would not be able to utilise the other 99.7% of foodstuffs.
- Human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial sites. In short, all living things need minerals. Life processes cannot occur without minerals.
- Minerals like coal, petroleum, etc. are important sources of industrial and domestic energy. It is because of these energy resources that the wheel of development is moving.
Q 31 – Why is the energy needed? How can we conserve energy resources? Explain.
Energy is needed for economic development.
- It is required for cooking.
- It is required to provide heat and light.
- It is used for running the machines in industries.
- It is used to propel the vehicles.
- It is essential for the development of agriculture, industry, transport for commercial and domestic purposes
We can save energy in the following ways.
- Switching off the electrical appliances when not in use
- Use of energy efficient devices like CFC bulbs and appliances
- Car pooling or use of public transport instead of private vehicles
- Use of alternate sources of energy (non-conventional/renewable sources)
Q 32 – Why is conservation of minerals essential? Explain any four measures to conserve minerals.
Minerals conservation is essential because:
- Minerals are non-renewable or finite in nature.
- The rate of formation of minerals is very slow in comparison to the rate of consumption. The geological processes of mineral formation takes place over millions of years.
- hey are valuable and short-lived possessions of a country. Continued extraction leads to increasing costs as they are taken from greater depths along with decrease in quality.
The following are the three methods of conserving minerals.
- Minerals have to be used in a planned and sustainable manner.
- Improved technologies should be evolved to make use of low grade ores at low costs.
- Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes would help in the conservation of minerals.
- Using better mining methods will also help to reduce wastage
Q 33 – How is energy a basic requirement for the economic development of the country? Explain with examples.
Energy is a basic requirement for the economic development of a country in the following ways.
- Every sector of the national economy—agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic—needs inputs of energy.
- The economic development plans implemented since independence require increasing amounts of energy to remain operational.
- Energy is used for all activities. To provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and drive machinery in industries.
- For example, coal provides a large percentage of energy for country’s economic needs, supply energy to industries as well as for domestic use.
- Also, natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with petroleum. It is used as a source of energy as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
Q 34 – Write a brief note on conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Conventional Sources of Energy:
Conventional sources of energy has been used since early times. Coal, Petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity, thermal power are the source of energy. All conventional sources of energy except hydroelectricity are exhaustible. This source cause environmental pollution. These sources require huge capital.
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy:
Non- conventional source of energy have came into use only recently. Wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, geothermal, biogas are examples of these sources of energy. Most of the non-conventional sources of energy are inexhaustible. These sources do not cause environmental pollution. A small amount of money is sufficient to have these sources.
Q 35 – On the given outline map of India locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
(i) Ankaleshwar—Oil Fields
(ii) Digboi—Oil Fields
(iii) Kalpakkam—Nuclear power plant
(iv) Namrup—Thermal power plant
(v) Narora—Nuclear power plant
(vi) Rawat Bhata—Nuclear power plant
(vii) Kaiga nuclear plant
(viii) Kakrapara—Nuclear power plant
(ix) Uran—Thermal power station
