Q 1. What is globalization?
The movement of people, goods, and services across the nations has been termed Globalization.
Q 2. Name some of the important food items which traveled from far away places to India.
Potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, etc.
Q 3. Who discovered Americans?
Christopher Columbus.
Q 4. What was the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conqueror to colonies America?
The germs such as those of smallpox.
Q 5. Why were European attracted to Africa in the late 19th? Give one reason.
Due to its vast resources of land and minerals.
Q 6. What was the impact of germs on the America‘s original inhabitants?
America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against the disease. So it Killed and decimated whole communities.
Q 7. What was Henry Ford’s best cost-cutting decision?
Under this, he doubled the wages f workers but recovered the loss by speeding up the production line.
Q 8. Why did the inflow of fine Indian cotton begin to decline in the 19th century?
Tariffs were imposed by the British government to protect local industries.
Q 9. How rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1880’s ?
It was carried by infected cattle important from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa.
Q 10. What was the main destination of Indian indentured migrants. ?
Caribbean islands, Mauritius and Fiji.
Q 11. What was mass production? Who was a pioneer of mass production?
Production of goods on a large scale is known as mass production. Henry Ford was a pioneer of mass production.
Q 12. What were the canal colonies? Why and where they were set up ?
The semi-waste areas of Punjab, after being irrigated by new canals, began to be called canal colonies. They were created to grow wheat and cotton for export.
Q 13. What is the difference between an international monetary system and the Bretton Woods system?
The international monetary system is the system linking national currencies and the monetary systems whereas the Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates.
Q 14. What is G-77?
The G-77 is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its member’s collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity for the United Nations. There were 77 founding members, but the organization has since expanded to 130 member countries.
Q 15. Name any two world institutions which were established under the Bretton woods Also mention one objective of each.
(i) International Monetary Fund
(i) International Monetary Fund
(ii) World Bank
Objective:
- IMF-to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
- IBRD – To finance post-war reconstruction.
Q 16. Why have China and other Asian countries become attractive destination for investment by foreign MN’C s?
This is because of the lost cost structure of the Chinese economy, most importantly its low wages.
Q 17. What was Hosay? What was its importance?
In Trinidad the annual Muharram Procession was transferred into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ It was one of the ways to preserve the culture by indentured laborers.
Q 18. What is globalisation ?
Globalization refers to an economic system that has emerged for the last 50 years or so.
Q 19. To which century the long-distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be traced?
Seventh Century
Q 20. Name the foods that were introduced in Europe and Asia after the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.
The foods were potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies, and sweet potatoes.
Q 21. What was the effect of potatoes on the lives of the poorest in Europe?
The new crops of potatoes made a great change in the lives of the poor in Europe because they began to eat better and live longer. In Ireland, the poorest peasants became so dependent that when disease destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s, thousands died of starvation.
Q 22. How did the discovery of America in the 16th century transform trade and lives everywhere? Give one example.
Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.
Q 23. State any one feature of Africa’s society before the nineteenth century.
Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population. As a result of it, land and livestock sustained African livelihoods and people rarely worked for a wage.
Q 24. What were the main destinations of Indian indentured migrants in the nineteenth century?
The main destinations were the Caribbean islands i.e., Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam, Mauritius, and Fiji.
Q 25. Describe one feature of the ‘assembly line’ method
The ‘assembly line’ method would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles because it forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously – such as fitting a particular part to the car – at a pace dictated by the conveyor belt.
Q 26. Describe one key lesson that the economists and politicians drew from the inter-war economic experiences.
The goal of full employment could only be achieved if governments had the power to control flows of goods, capital, and labor.
Q 28. “Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange.” Support your answer with three examples.
Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange as mentioned below :
- Travellers and traders introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. Even ‘ready’ foodstuff in distant parts of the world might share common origins. For example, noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.
- Arab traders took pasta to fifth century Sicily (Italy). Similar foods were known to the Indians and Japanese people. Their origins cannot be ascertained, but the fact remains that there was long distance cultural contact even in the pre-modern world.
- Our major common foods are potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes. These were not known in India until about five centuries ago. These were introduced in Europe and Asia after the discovery of Americas by Christopher Columbus. Actually many of our common foods came from America’s original inhabitants i.e., the American Indians.
Q 29. Explain for example, how the new crops could make the difference between life and death for people. Explain with an example from Ireland.
Or
Show the importance of new crops for the poor.
Sometimes new crops make a remarkable difference in the lives of poor people. For example, with the introduction of potatoes in Europe, the poor began to eat better and live longer. In Ireland, the poorest peasants were so much dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation. Hungry children used to dig for potatoes in the fields that had already been harvested. Thousands of people emigrated in search of work.
Q 30. Describe the centers of world trade before and after the eighteenth century.
Before the eighteenth century, the center of world trade was Asia. China and India were among the world’s richest countries. They were also pre-eminent in Asian trade. However, from the fifteenth century, China restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China’s reduced role and the rising importance of America’s gradually moved the center of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as the center of world trade.
Q 31. From the mid-nineteenth century, how the demand for more food led to the flow of capital and labor all over the world?
Lands were cleared and food production was expanded to meet the demand for more food but it was not enough because there was a need for secondary and tertiary activities as given below :
- Railways’ services were required to link the agricultural regions to the ports.
- New harbours had to be built and old ones expanded to ship the new cargoes.
- People had to settle on the lands to bring them under cultivation.
- These activities required labour and capital which came from financial centers such as London. The demand for labour in places where labour was in short supply – as in America and Australia – led to more migration.
- Nearly 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia in the nineteenth century.
- All over the world some 150 million left their homes in search of better future.
Q 32. Describe the effects of the Bretton Woods system.
- There was unprecedented growth in trade and income for the Western industrial nations and Japan.
- World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent between 1950 and 1970 and incomes at nearly 5 per cent.
- The growth was stable and without large fluctuations.
- Unemployment averaged less than 5 per cent in most industrial countries.
(a) There was worldwide spread of technology and enterprise. Developing countries tried to make advancement like advanced industrial countries. They invested vast amount of capital, imported industrial plants and equipment with modern technology.
Q 33. Describe the condition of agricultural economies after the First World War with examples.
The condition of agricultural economics after the first World war was bad as mentioned below :
Many agricultural economies particularly of wheat producers faced a crisis. For example before the war, eastern Europe was a major supplier of wheat in the world market. When this supply was disrupted during the war wheat production in Canada, America and Australia increased significantly. After the war once again production in Eastern Europe was revived leading to more supply of wheat in the market. As a result of it, prices of grain fell and incomes declined and farmers fell deeper into debt. Thus, the agricultural economies suffered more after the war