Q 1 – Where is Niyamgiri Hill located?
Ans. The Niyamgiri Hill is located in Kalahandi district of Orissa.
Q 2 – How many national parks are there in India?
Ans. There are 54 national parks in India.
Q 3 – How much areas are the 54 national parks and 372 wildlife sanctuaries covering?
Ans. They are covering around 1,09,652 S km.
Q 4 – Why did many Adivasis have migrated to cities?
Ans. Many Adivasis have migrated to cities in search of work.
Q 5 – According to the 2001 census what percent of Muslims of India’s population is considered to be marginalized?
Ans. 13.4% Muslims.
Q 6 – How many wildlife sanctuaries are in India?
Ans. There are 372 wildlife sanctuaries in India.
Q 7 – How many National parks are there in India?
Ans. In India, there are 54 national parks.
Q 8 – What are considered as the absolute crucial to the development of all empires and settled civilizations in India?
Ans. Forests were absolutely crucial to the development of all empires and settled civilizations in India.
Q 9 – How are adivasi’s been portrayed?
Ans. Adivasis are invariably portrayed in a very stereotypical way.
Q 10 – About how many tribal groups does exist in India?
Ans. There are over 500 different Adivasi groups in India.
Q 11 – What % of tribal groups in urban areas belong to BPL?
Ans. 35% of tribal groups in urban areas.
Q 13 – What % of tribal groups in rural areas belongs to below poverty line (BPL)?
Ans. 45% of tribal groups in rural areas.
Q 14 – For what purposes the forest land that once belonged to adivasi got cleared.
Ans. The purposes such as agriculture and industry the forest land got cleared.
Q 15 – What % of India’s population is adivasi.
Ans. About 8%.
Q 16 – Where were the Adivasis employed in the cities?
Ans. They were employed for very low wages in local industries or at building or construction sites.
Q 17 – Whom does the Constitution provide safeguards as part of our Fundamental Rights?
Ans. The Constitution provides safeguard to religious and linguistic minorities as part of our Fundamental Right.
Q 18 – What does the term ‘Militarised’ mean?
Ans. Militarised means an area where the presence of the armed forces is considerable.
Q 19 – Whom would you call ‘Malnourished’?
Ans. A person who does not get adequate nutrition or food is malnourished.
Q 20 – Define the term Ghettoisation. Who are Ghettos?
Ans. A Ghetto is an area or locality that is populated largely by members, of a particular community. Ghettoization refers to the process that leads to such a situation. This may occur due to various social, cultural, and economic reasons.
Q 21 – What does the 2001 census tell about Muslims?
Ans. According to the 2001 census, Muslims are 13.4% of India’s population and are considered to be a marginalized community in India today because in comparison to other communities they have over the years been deprived of the benefits of social and economic development. This census also shows that the literacy of Muslims is the lowest i.e., 59% among all religious groups.
Q 22 – What will happen if the culture of majority influences the way in which society and government might express themselves.
Ans. In such cases, size can be a disadvantage and lead to the marginalization of the relatively smaller communities. Thus, safeguards are needed to protect minority communities against the possibility of being culturally dominated by the majority. They also protect them against any discrimination and disadvantages that they may face.
Q 23 – What is all happening in Niyamgiri hills of Orissa?
Ans. Niyamgiri hill of Orissa is located in Kalahandi district. This area is in inhabited by Dongarria Konds, an Adivasi community. A major aluminum company is planning to set up a mine and a refinery here which will displace this Adivasis community. They have strongly resisted this proposed development and have been joined by environmentalists as well. A case against the company is also pending in the Supreme Court.
Q 24 – What will be the result if the Adivasis lose their rights over forest lands?
Ans. Adivasis use around 10,000 plant species-approximately 8,000 species are used for medicinal purposes; 325 are used as pesticides; 425 as gums, resins, and dyes; 550 as fibers; 3500 are edible. This entire knowledge system gets wiped out when Adivasis lose their rights over forest lands.
Q 25 – What does Sachar Committee report tell about the Muslims and how is economic and social marginalization experienced by Muslims has other dimensions as w
Ans. Recognizing that Muslims in India was lagging behind in terms of various development indicators, the government set up a high-level committee in 2005. The Committee was chaired by Justice Rajindar Sachar, The committee examined the social, economical, and educational status of the Muslim community in India. The report discusses in detail the marginalization of this community.
- It suggests that on a range of social, economic, and educational indicators the situation of the Muslim community is comparable to that of other marginalized communities like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. For example, according to the Report the average years of schooling for Muslim children between the age of 7-16 is much lower than that of other socio-religious communities
- Economic and social marginalization experienced by Muslims has other dimensions as well. Like other minorities, Muslim customs and practices are sometimes quite distinct from what is seen as the mainstream. Some not all – Muslims may wear a burqa, keeping a long beard wear a fez and these become ways to identify the Muslims.
- Because of this, they tend to be identified differently and some people think that they are not like the ‘rest of us’. Often this becomes an excused to treat them unfairly, and discriminate against them.
Q 26 – Mention the levels on which marginalization can take place.
Ans. Marginalization can take place on three levels.
They are…. Individual Community Global.
Q 27 – Mention the Names of the communities which experience marginalization in India?
Ans. The major communities which experience marginalization in India are the Adivasis, Dalits, and Muslims.’’
Q 28– Write a brief note on Adivasis.
Ans. The Adivasis are indigenous peoples and are believed to be the first inhabitants of India. Adivasis have distinct languages, religions, and forms of self-government, together with a deep bond to their land and respect for nature. 8 percent of India’s population are Adivasis. There are over 500 different Adivasi groups in India.
- Adivasi communities do not have any hierarchy among them. They are totally different from communities organised around principles of the caste system.
- The religion of Adivasis is different from Islam, Hinduism or Christianity. The Adivasis worship their ancestral, village or nature spirits.
- During the nineteenth century, substantial numbers of Adivasis converted to Christianity, which has emerged as a very important religion in modern Adivasi history. Adivasis have their own languages which may be as old as Sanskrit. The Adivasi language has influenced the formation of Indian languages, like Bengali.
Q 29 – How are Adivasis portrayed today
Ans. Today, Adivasis are portrayed as exotic, primitive, and backward people. Cultural shows are presented with Adivasis dances. They are represented through colorful costumes and headgears.
Adivasis are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to change or new ideas.
This negative portrayal of the Adivasis has led to the marginalization of this community in modern India.
Q 30 – What were the hardships faced by the Adivasis?
Ans. The Adivasis were pushed out of the forests of Jharkhand and they had to migrate to other parts of India and the world. The Adivasis experienced hardship and death during the migration. Five lakh Adivasis had perished in these migrations.
When forests were cleared for mining a majority of tribals are displaced. Wide areas of forest
- land were submerged underwater when many dams were built in India after 1947. Due to this many Adivasis were displaced from the States of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and Jharkhand.
- In the Northeast, Adivasi lands are war-torn and occupied by the military.
- There are 54 national parks and 372 wildlife sanctuaries in India. These Parks cover an area of 1, 09,652 sq km. of forest land. The Adivasis were evicted from these forests.
Q 32 – Who headed the Committee set up by the government to look into the social, economic, and educational status of the Muslim Community in India?
Ans. Justice Rajindar Sachar headed the Committee set up by the government to look into the social, economic, and educational status of the Muslim Community in India.
Q 33 – What was the conclusion reached by the Justice Rajindar Sachar Committee?
Ans. The committee came to the conclusion that on a range of social, economic, and educational indicators the situation of the Muslim community is comparable to that of other marginalized communities like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.