Q 1. Which sector has the maximum share in employment of human resource?
The primary sector is the largest employer of human resource.
Q 2. Mention any two regions which are expected to face water shortage.
(i) Regions having low rainfall.
(ii) Regions which are dought prone.
Q 3. How Is Freshwater obtained?
Freshwater is obtained from Precipitation, Surface runoff, and groundwater that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrogen cycle.
Q 4. What is the hydrological cycle ?
The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the earth.
Q 5. Name any two social movements which have been launched against the multipurpose projects.
‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’.
Q 6. What is the water cycle?
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demand.
Q 7. Define underemployment or disguised unemployment.
When more people are compelled to do a job that only a few can do it then such a situation is termed as disguised unemployment.
Q 8. What is Silt?
Fine soil is formed in flood plains.
Q 9. What is Kul?
It is a circular village tank from which water is released and taken when required.
Q 10. Name the river on which the Metter dam is located.
Kaveri
Q 11. Name the river states which are involved in Krishna – Godavari – dispute?
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Q 12. What is water scarcity?
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demand.
Q 13. What is the contribution of hydroelectricity to the total generation of electricity in India?
22%
Q 14. Name the river on which the Konya dam is located.
Krishna
Q 15. How do People harvest water in the Flood plains of Bengal?
By Building inundation Channels to irrigate their fields.
Q 16. Many People of arid and semi-arid regions construct underground rooms adjoining the water tanks. Give reason.
By beating the summer heat it would keep the room cool.
Q 17. Define the term Tankas.
Tankas are underground tanks for storing drinking water.
Q 18. Name the river on which the Bhakra Nangal dam is located.
satIuj
Q 19. What are the sources of freshwater?
precipitation, surface runoff, and groundwater.
Q 20. What method was developed in the flood plains of Bengal to irrigate their fields?
Ans. In the floodplain of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
Q 21. What is a dam?
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
Q 22. In whose kingdom in ancient India, dams and lakes were built ?
During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
Q 23. Where is the Hirakud Project and what is its advantage?
The Hirakud Project is in the Mahanadi basin. It integrates conservation of water with flood control.
Q 24. Which system of tapping stream water is prevalent in Meghalaya?
In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent.
Q 25. How dams are classified on the basis of structure and the material used?
Based on structure and the material used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams, or masonry dams with several subtypes.
Q 26 . What is the ecological consequence of irrigation under multi-purpose projects?
Salinisation of the soil has transformed the social landscape i.e., increasing the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor.
Q 27. Why multi-purpose projects and large dams have been opposed ? State one reason.
These projects and dams have been opposed because they lead to the large-scale displacement of local people and communities. They have to give up their land and livelihood and their meager access to resources.
Q 28. What is bamboo drip irrigation? Mention any two features of it.
(i) About 18-20 liters of water enters the bamboo pipe system,get transported over hundreds of meters, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.
(ii) Bamboo drip irrigation system is practiced in Meghalaya.
Q 29. Which methods were used in arid and semi-arid regions for irrigation?
In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
Q 30. Who Proclaimed the dams as the temples of Modern India ? give reason.
Jawaharlal Nehru Proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of Modern India’; the reason brings that it would integrate the development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy.
Q 31. What is the importance of water?
Or
“Water is a very important and critical resource in India.”Support the statement by explaining any three points.
(i) Water is vital for human survival.
(ii) Water is used for transportation.
(iii) In industries water is used as a coolant.
(iv) Water is also used for power production.
(v) Water is a basic input for agriculture.
Q 32. Who proclaimed the dams as the temples of modern India ? Give Reason.
Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’ because the dams would integrate the development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy.
Q 33. Explain the term ‘tanks’. Where were tanks built in India?
(i) The tanks were part of the well–developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard they are built for storing drinking water A tank could be 6.1 meters deep, 4.27 meters long and 2.44 meters wide.
(ii) The Tanks were built in the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, Particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer.
Q 34. Which state governments have raised objections over the diversion of more water and where?
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh governments have raised objections regarding the diversion of more water from Koyna by the Maharashtra government for a multi-purpose project. The reason was that this would reduce downstream flow in their states with adverse consequences for agriculture and industry.
Q 35. How has irrigation changed the cropping pattern? what is its impact on the social landscape.?
- Due to irrigation facilities, many farmers have shifted to water-intensive and commercial crops. For example, Punjab has become a major producer of rice in spite of low rainfall.
- Impact on the social landscape: The transformation has windes the gap between rich and poor. the rich and mighty who can afford higher inputs have become richer whereas the poor have failed to get benefits due to a lack of capital.
Q 36. What is Bamboo Drip Irrigation system ?
In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent. About 10-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of meters, and finally reduced to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant. Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower reaches by gravity.
Q 37. In Israel, the average annual rainfall is 25 cm but there is no shortage of water in India, the average rainfall is 114 cm but here we find drought in one region or the other every year. Why?
In Israel large scale projects to desalinate sea water, direct water from rivers and reservoirs in the north, make optimal use of groundwater and reclaim flood overflow and sewage have been undertaken. On the other hand, in India, there is no proper arrangement of using rainwater. As a result of it, most of the water flows in to drains and to the sea. The rainy season is only for three months. Thereafter there is no rain for remaining nine months. As a result of these conditions we, in India, face shortage of water.
Q 38. Explain the rooftop rainwater harvesting technique.
(i) Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC pipe
(ii) Collected water is filtered using sand and bricks.
(iii) Underground pipe is used to take the water to the sump for immediate usage.
(iv) Excess water from the sump is taken to the well.
(v) water from the well recharges the underground water.
Features of bamboo drip irrigation;
(i) Bamboo drip irrigation system is a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and stirp water by using a bamboo Pipe.
(ii) Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower reaches by gravity.
(iii) The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it is distributed into branches.
Q 39. How do the dams create conflicts Between the People?
(i) The dams have created conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources.
(ii) Interstate Water disputes are becoming common with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the projects
(iii) The landowners the rich farmers, industrialists, and urban centers are benefitting at the cost of local communities.
In Gujarat, the Sabarmati – basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. Inter–state water disputes are also becoming common with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the multipurpose. Projects.
Q 40. How do the multipurpose river projects affect aquatic life? Explain
Or
Explain the ecological problems being faced due to the multipurpose river projects.
In recent years, multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition for a variety of reasons.
(I) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier streambeds and poorer habitats for the rivers, as well as the aquatic life.
(ii) Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for the aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.
(iii) The reservoirs are created during the flood. Plains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over time.
(iv) Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water-intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like salinization of the soil.
Q 41. What is rainwater harvesting? what is its importance ?
It is a technique of increasing the recharge of groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater by constructing structures such as percolating pits, checking dams, etc.
Importance:
(i) Rainwater harvesting is the need of the hour as demand for water is increasing day by day.
(ii) Rainwater harvesting reduces pressure on existing water resources.
(iii) It is a cheap source of water supply.
(iv) It helps in recharging groundwater.
(v) The rainwater store is an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up.
Q 42. Distinguish between a dam and a multipurpose projec.
| Dam | Multipurpose project |
| (i) Adam is a barrier across the flowing water That obstructs, dissects, or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake, or impoundment. | (i) A multipurpose project is one that fulfills a variety of purposes at the same time for example – irrigation generation of electricity, flood control fish breeding, soil conservation, etc. |
| (ii) It is a traditional concept. | (ii) It is a modern concept. |